scholarly journals Hedonic representations in primary somatosensory cortices; Pain but not pleasure?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Kryklywy ◽  
Mana R. Ehlers ◽  
Andre O. Beukers ◽  
Sarah R. Moore ◽  
Rebecca M. Todd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Similarity Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Somatosensory Cortices ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractIn the somatosensory system, hedonic information is coded by mechanoreceptors at the point of contact. Pleasure and pain signals travel along peripheral nerve pathways distinct from those for discriminative touch. Yet it remains unknown whether the central nervous system represents tactile hedonic information in sensory cortices as another dimension of exteroceptive information, similar to discriminative touch signals, or if tactile hedonic information is instantiated in regions mediating internal interoceptive states. Employing representational similarity analysis with a new approach of pattern component modeling, we decomposed multivoxel patterns to demonstrate that signals of painful but not pleasurable touch are represented in primary somatosensory cortices. By contrast, all hedonic touch representations were identified in regions associated with affect and interoception. This suggests that touch should be divided into external-exteroceptive and internal-interoceptive dimensions, with hedonic touch represented as an internal state, even though evoked by external stimulation.

Safe control of SEMS in group interaction

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Gorodetskiy ◽  
V. G. Kurbanov ◽  
I. L. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Phase Constraints ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Safe Control

Introduction:In control over a group of interacting smart electromechanical systems (SEMS), situations may arise when the operator’s instructions and/or the automatic control system at a higher level contradict the internal state of the controlled SEMS and/or the environment of choice. Such situations can be prevented by algorithms which check the fulfillment of conditions for the admissibility of movements. These algorithms can be based on modeling the SEMS behavior using logical-probabilistic or logicallinguistic descriptions of situations, and on non-scalar quality criteria when making decisions.Purpose:The development of algorithms for safe control over robots based on SEMS modules with phase constraints, under incomplete certainty of the environment.Results:Algorithms have been developed for safe control over three robots, using a mathematical description of situational control over a group of SEMS and the methodology of organizing the situational control over a group of mobile SEMS. The algorithms move the robots from certain current positions to specified terminal positions, avoiding their collisions with each other. In order to avoid collisions, the decision-making system in a robot’s central nervous system uses robot’s priorities based on the distance between the robots. An approach has been proposed to overcome uncertainty on the way (trajectory) of the robots. Uncertainties in the form of logical-probabilistic and logical-linguistic type constraints are considered. It is shown that these restrictions can be translated into a logical-interval form. This allows you to use standard mathematical programming procedures when searching for the optimal solution.Practical relevance:The obtained algorithms can be used for decision-making in the central nervous system and when controlling robots.

scholarly journals A Neurocosmological Neurotheology Organized Around Reissner’s Fiber

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Lawrence Wile
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
Reissner's Fiber ◽  
Scientific Rigor ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Reissner’S Fiber ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neurotheology is the study of the neurobiological correlates of religious experiences. A key problem for this nascent field is that interpretations of religious experiences range from a regression to the oceanic oneness of the womb to supersensory apprehensions of transcendent realities. Identifying appropriate subjects is therefore problematic. Correlating the complex array of neurobiological data obtained from neuroimaging, genetic analysis and lab tests with such elusive “religious experiences” offers little hope of scientific rigor. This paper proposes a new approach. Mystical traditions have consistently described a “subtle anatomy” organized around a circuit running through the center of the spine that connects the human and the divine. If descriptions of this circuit are based on actual interoceptions, then it corresponds to a little-known, epigenetically suppressed structure that ensheathes the central axis of the central nervous system; Reissner’s fiber (RF). Rather than identifying subjects based on self-reporting and correlating their experiences with an array of neurobiological data, this new approach would regenerate the fiber, measure its activity and explore possible correlations with religious experiences.

scholarly journals Burkitt Lymphoma of Central Nervous System in an elderly-patient: A new approach with a modified classic regimen

2021 ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tumor Response ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Unfit Patients ◽  
The One

Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is one of the high-grade lymphomas, characterized by a rapid growth. They are usually treated with intensive chemotherapy regimens, being normally chemo-sensitive, but at the expense of high toxicity secondary to treatment. Additionally, the compromise of the central nervous system (CNS) implies a major risk as well as greater toxicity, taking into account a worse clinical prognosis with a requirement of more intensive schemes to achieve control of the disease. This implies doubts in the management of older patients with BL with CNS compromise, in whom toxicity is a limitation to these therapies, and there are no other alternatives that offer better benefit in terms of less frequent or severe adverse events, with similar outcomes in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Therefore, clarifying cases such as the one we report below allows us to provide a therapeutic alternative for older or unfit patients, in whom the intention of treatment should be to seek a good tumor response, but without ignoring the potential toxicity of chemotherapy.

Neuropathic Pain Syndromes

2021 ◽  
pp. 901-905
Author(s):  
James C. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
International Association ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pain Descriptors

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines neuropathic pain as pain that is initiated or caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system in either the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system. Several well-recognized descriptors for neuropathic pain suggest a neuropathic rather than nociceptive pathophysiology (hot, burning, painful cold, freezing, prickling or tingling, pins and needles, electrical, shooting, stabbing, lancinating, and itching). However, whether the pain descriptors are used alone or incorporated into questionnaires to identify neuropathic pain, their sensitivity and specificity are limited (generally 70%-85%); therefore, verbal pain descriptors are insufficient for making the diagnosis of neuropathic pain.

Central neurophysiological processing of joint pain on the basis of studies performed in normal animals and in models of experimental arthritis

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisèle Guilbaud
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Levels

On the basis of anatomical and electrophysiological studies, this review summarizes first, the data dealing with the transmission of joint inputs in the central nervous system of normal animals at the spinal and supraspinal levels. It appears that in these conditions neuronal responses to mechanical noxious stimuli of the joints are relatively few and (or) weak. Second, in sharp contrast, the studies performed in polyarthritic rats have emphasized the profound changes in the activities (spontaneous firing and responsiveness) of the somatosensory neurones at various levels of the central nervous system (CNS), including the thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex; many were spontaneously active and a majority of them could be maximally activated by gentle mechanical stimuli applied to the inflamed joints. Although the change in the sensitivity of the peripheral mechanoreceptors has a major role in the modifications described in the CNS, additional observations have suggested a complex interaction between peripheral and central processes. On the basis of the recent data obtained in poly- and mono-arthritic animals, the following phenomena have been successively considered: the segmental and hetero-segmental "cross-talk" and their possible relationship with referred pain; the involvement of "new" neuronal populations as a possible basis of a selective system for joint pain; and the possible involvement of changes in the various control systems that normally modulate the nociceptive inputs at different levels of the CNS.Key words: joint pain, electrophysiology, somatosensory system, thalamus, rat.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

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