Neuropathic Pain Syndromes

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

International Association ◽

Somatosensory System ◽

Pain Syndromes ◽

Pain Descriptors

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines neuropathic pain as pain that is initiated or caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system in either the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system. Several well-recognized descriptors for neuropathic pain suggest a neuropathic rather than nociceptive pathophysiology (hot, burning, painful cold, freezing, prickling or tingling, pins and needles, electrical, shooting, stabbing, lancinating, and itching). However, whether the pain descriptors are used alone or incorporated into questionnaires to identify neuropathic pain, their sensitivity and specificity are limited (generally 70%-85%); therefore, verbal pain descriptors are insufficient for making the diagnosis of neuropathic pain.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141160 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 958-959

Author(s):

S.S. Spicer ◽

B.A. Schulte

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Sensory Neurons ◽

Sensory Nerves ◽

Tissue Antigens ◽

The Brain ◽

Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Demyelinating disease affecting both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS): Study of 2 cases

Journal of the Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.1357 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 333 ◽

pp. e372

Author(s):

B. Benaaboud ◽

N. Birouk ◽

S. Aidi ◽

H. Belaidi ◽

B. Kably ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Demyelinating Disease ◽

The Central Nervous System

Understanding Neuropathic Pain

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900022628 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 298-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Walter Zieglgänsberger ◽

Achim Berthele ◽

Thomas R. Tölle

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Neuronal Excitability ◽

Traumatic Injury ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Cellular Events ◽

Excitatory Neurotransmitters ◽

Activity Dependent

AbstractNeuropathic pain is defined as a chronic pain condition that occurs or persists after a primary lesion or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system. Traumatic injury of peripheral nerves also increases the excitability of nociceptors in and around nerve trunks and involves components released from nerve terminals (neurogenic inflammation) and immunological and vascular components from cells resident within or recruited into the affected area. Action potentials generated in nociceptors and injured nerve fibers release excitatory neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals such as L-glutamate and substance P and trigger cellular events in the central nervous system that extend over different time frames. Short-term alterations of neuronal excitability, reflected for example in rapid changes of neuronal discharge activity, are sensitive to conventional analgesics, and do not commonly involve alterations in activity-dependent gene expression. Novel compounds and new regimens for drug treatment to influence activity-dependent long-term changes in pain transducing and suppressive systems (pain matrix) are emerging.

Apolipoprotein E associated with astrocytic glia of the central nervous system and with nonmyelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system.

Journal of Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1172/jci112130 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 1501-1513 ◽

Cited By ~ 498

Author(s):

J K Boyles ◽

R E Pitas ◽

E Wilson ◽

R W Mahley ◽

J M Taylor

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Apolipoprotein E ◽

Astrocytic Glia

Macrophages in the peripheral nervous system and astroglia in the central nervous system of rat commonly express apolipoprotein E during development but differ in their response to injury

Neuroscience Letters ◽

10.1016/0304-3940(86)90519-7 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 233-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Guido Stoll ◽

Hans Werner Müller

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Apolipoprotein E ◽

The Central Nervous System

Some fly sensory organs are gliogenic and require glide/gcm in a precursor that divides symmetrically and produces glial cells

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.127.17.3735 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 127 (17) ◽

pp. 3735-3743 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

V. Van De Bor ◽

R. Walther ◽

A. Giangrande

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Glial Cell ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Sensory Organ ◽

Asymmetric Distribution ◽

Sensory Organs ◽

Glial Precursor

In flies, the choice between neuronal and glial fates depends on the asymmetric division of multipotent precursors, the neuroglioblast of the central nervous system and the IIb precursor of the sensory organ lineage. In the central nervous system, the choice between the two fates requires asymmetric distribution of the glial cell deficient/glial cell missing (glide/gcm) RNA in the neuroglioblast. Preferential accumulation of the transcript in one of the daughter cells results in the activation of the glial fate in that cell, which becomes a glial precursor. Here we show that glide/gcm is necessary to induce glial differentiation in the peripheral nervous system. We also present evidence that glide/gcm RNA is not necessary to induce the fate choice in the peripheral multipotent precursor. Indeed, glide/gcm RNA and protein are first detected in one daughter of IIb but not in IIb itself. Thus, glide/gcm is required in both central and peripheral glial cells, but its regulation is context dependent. Strikingly, we have found that only subsets of sensory organs are gliogenic and express glide/gcm. The ability to produce glial cells depends on fixed, lineage related, cues and not on stochastic decisions. Finally, we show that after glide/gcm expression has ceased, the IIb daughter migrates and divides symmetrically to produce several mature glial cells. Thus, the glide/gcm-expressing cell, also called the fifth cell of the sensory organ, is indeed a glial precursor. This is the first reported case of symmetric division in the sensory organ lineage. These data indicate that the organization of the fly peripheral nervous system is more complex than previously thought.

The Mode of Action of the Corpus Cardiacum on the Hind Gut in Periplaneta Americana

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.39.3.319 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 319-324

Author(s):

K. G. DAVEY

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Periplaneta Americana ◽

Corpus Cardiacum ◽

Corpora Cardiaca ◽

Hind Gut

1. Addition of a homogenate of corpora cardiaca to the fluid bathing an isolated hind gut of Periplaneta produces an increase in tonus, amplitude, frequency and co-ordination of contractions. 2. The corpus cardiacum acts by stimulating cells in the upper colon to release an indolalkylamine. 3. This amine acts on the mucles through a peripheral nervous system which can function in isolation from the central nervous system.

Contemporary treatment neuropathic pain

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1110443c ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 64 (9-10) ◽

pp. 443-447

Author(s):

Milan Cvijanovic ◽

Svetlana Simic ◽

Sofija Banic-Horvat ◽

Zita Jovin ◽

Petar Slankamenac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Phantom Limb Pain ◽

Phantom Limb ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Chronic Neuropathic Pain ◽

Cord Injury ◽

New Applications

Introduction. Neuropathic pain, or pain associated with disease or injury to the peripheral or central nervous system, is a common symptom of a heterogeneous group of conditions, including diabetic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia and spinal cord injury. Chronic neuropathic pain should not be thought of as a symptom. It should truly be thought of as a disease with a very complicated pathophysiology. Pathophysiology. The mechanisms involved in neuropathic pain are complex and involve both peripheral and central pathophysiologic phenomenon. The underlying dysfunction may involve deafferentation within the peripheral nervous system (e.g. neuropathy), deafferentation within the central nervous system (e.g. post-thalamic stroke) or an imbalance between the two (e.g. phantom limb pain). Clinical characteristics. Neuropathic pain is non-nociceptive, in contrast to acute nociceptive pain, and it can be described as ?burning?, ?electric?, ?tingling?, and ?shooting? in nature. Treatment. Rational polypharmacy is often necessary and actually it is almost always the rule. It would be an exception if a patient was completely satisfied with his treatment. Treatment goals should include understanding that our patients may need to be titrated and managed with more than one agent and one type of treatment. There should be the balance of safety, efficacy, and tolerability. Conclusion. There are many new agents and new applications of the existing agents being currently studied which will most certainly lead to even more improved ways of managing this very complicated set of disorders.

An altered form of pp60c-src is expressed primarily in the central nervous system.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.7.11.4115 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 4115-4117 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

J M Le Beau ◽

O D Wiestler ◽

G Walter

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Altered Form

The expression of two forms of pp60c-src, pp60 and pp60+, was measured in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. Both forms were expressed in the CNS, whereas only pp60 was primarily detected in the peripheral nervous system. Our findings suggest that pp60+ may play a role in events important to the CNS.