scholarly journals The mouse cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas N. Foster ◽  
Laura Korobkova ◽  
Luis Garcia ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
Marlene Becerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Network Motif ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Input Source ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTThe cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop is one of the fundamental network motifs in the brain. Revealing its structural and functional organization is critical to understanding cognition, sensorimotor behavior, and the natural history of many neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Classically, the basal ganglia is conceptualized to contain three primary information output channels: motor, limbic, and associative. However, given the roughly 65 cortical areas and two dozen thalamic nuclei that feed into the dorsal striatum, a three-channel view is overly simplistic for explaining the myriad functions of the basal ganglia. Recent works from our lab and others have subdivided the dorsal striatum into numerous functional domains based on convergent and divergent inputs from the cortex and thalamus. To complete this work, we generated a comprehensive data pool of ∼700 injections placed across the striatum, external globus pallidus (GPe), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), thalamic nuclei, and cortex. We identify 14 domains of SNr, 36 in the GPe, and 6 in the parafascicular and ventromedial thalamic nuclei. Subsequently, we identify 6 parallel cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic subnetworks that sequentially transduce specific subsets of cortical information with complex patterns of convergence and divergence through every elemental node of the entire cortico-basal ganglia loop. These experiments reveal multiple important novel features of the cortico-basal ganglia network motif. The prototypical sub-network structure is characterized by a highly interconnected nature, with cortical information processing through one or more striatal nodes, which send a convergent output to the SNr and a more parallelized output to the GPe; the GPe output then converges with the SNr. A domain of the thalamus receives the nigral output, and is interconnected with both the striatal domains and the cortical areas that filter into its nigral input source. This study provides conceptual advancement of our understanding of the structural and functional organization of the classic cortico-basal ganglia network.

scholarly journals The mouse cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic network

Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 598 (7879) ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
Nicholas N. Foster ◽  
Joshua Barry ◽  
Laura Korobkova ◽  
Luis Garcia ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
External Part ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe cortico–basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical loop is one of the fundamental network motifs in the brain. Revealing its structural and functional organization is critical to understanding cognition, sensorimotor behaviour, and the natural history of many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Classically, this network is conceptualized to contain three information channels: motor, limbic and associative1–4. Yet this three-channel view cannot explain the myriad functions of the basal ganglia. We previously subdivided the dorsal striatum into 29 functional domains on the basis of the topography of inputs from the entire cortex5. Here we map the multi-synaptic output pathways of these striatal domains through the globus pallidus external part (GPe), substantia nigra reticular part (SNr), thalamic nuclei and cortex. Accordingly, we identify 14 SNr and 36 GPe domains and a direct cortico-SNr projection. The striatonigral direct pathway displays a greater convergence of striatal inputs than the more parallel striatopallidal indirect pathway, although direct and indirect pathways originating from the same striatal domain ultimately converge onto the same postsynaptic SNr neurons. Following the SNr outputs, we delineate six domains in the parafascicular and ventromedial thalamic nuclei. Subsequently, we identify six parallel cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic subnetworks that sequentially transduce specific subsets of cortical information through every elemental node of the cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic loop. Thalamic domains relay this output back to the originating corticostriatal neurons of each subnetwork in a bona fide closed loop.

Penfield’s Homunculus and Other Grotesque Creatures from the Land of If

Nuncius ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pogliano
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Montreal Neurological Institute ◽  
Surgical Ablation ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mcgill University ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

The neurosurgeon Wilder Graves Penfield (1891-1976) helped to develop a surgical treatment for epilepsy and used his results to investigate the functional organization of the brain. He was instrumental in founding the Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University, which he directed from 1934 to 1960. There he studied, with his collaborators, the effects of stimulation and surgical ablation on different parts of the brain in order to localize their somatosensory functions. To visualize the results of this research, Hortense Pauline Cantlie drew images of a homunculus whose proportions reflected the extent of the cortical areas controlling different parts of the body. These images were published by Penfield in 1937; a modified version followed in 1950, opening the way for such developments as the diagrams of mammalian brains drawn by the neurophysiologist Clinton N. Woolsey in 1958. This article will reconstruct the history of Penfield’s map of the human brain, which was utilized in medical texts for many decades, but which eventually would be severely criticized.

Toluene-induced leukodystrophy from glue sniffing

2021 ◽  
pp. practneurol-2021-002942
Author(s):  
Yue Hui Lau ◽  
Ahmad Shahir Mawardi ◽  
Norzaini Rose Zain ◽  
Shanthi Viswanathan
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Cerebellar Atrophy ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

A 33-year-old man with a history of chronic toluene abuse through glue sniffing, developed tremors, cerebellar signs and cognitive decline. MR scan of the brain showed global cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with symmetrical T2-weighted hypointensities in the basal ganglia, thalami and midbrain. After stopping glue sniffing, his tremors, ataxia of gait, speech and cognition partially improved. Early recognition and intervention of toluene-induced leukodystrophy could prevent ongoing morbidity and premature mortality.

scholarly journals Jules Bernard Luys: A Singular Figure of 19th Century Neurology

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Parent ◽  
Martin Parent ◽  
Véronique Leroux-Hugon
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
History Of Neurology ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Jules Bernard Luys was a highly industrious and dedicated French investigator who made important contributions to the fields of neuroanatomy and neuropsychiatry in the second half of the 19th century. His name is still eponymically attached to the subthalamic nucleus and the centre médian nucleus, two structures that are at the center of our current thinking about the functional organization of the basal ganglia and the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. While developing a highly original view of the anatomical and functional organization of the human brain, Luys contributed significantly to our knowledge of the neuropathological and clinical aspects of mental illnesses. Luys devoted the last part of his career to hysteria and hypnosis, engaging himself in experiments as extravagant as the action of medication at distance. In doing so, he became perhaps the most highly caricatured example of the fascination that hysteria exerted upon various renowned neurologists at the end of the 19th century. This paper briefly summarizes the contribution of this remarkable figure of the history of neurology.

scholarly journals Delineating the Organization of Projection Neuron Subsets with Multi-fluorescent Rabies Virus Tracing Tool

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Li ◽  
Yajie Tang ◽  
Leqiang Sun ◽  
Jinsong Yu ◽  
Hui Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Projection Neuron ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Corticothalamic Projection ◽  
Virus Tracing ◽  
Layer V ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Layer Vi

AbstractThe elegant functions of the brain are facilitated by sophisticated connections between neurons, the architecture of which is frequently characterized by one nucleus connecting to multiple targets via projection neurons. Delineating the sub-nucleus fine architecture of projection neurons in a certain nucleus could greatly facilitate its circuit, computational, and functional resolution. Here, we developed multi-fluorescent rabies virus to delineate the fine organization of corticothalamic projection neuron subsets in the primary visual cortex (V1). By simultaneously labeling multiple distinct subsets of corticothalamic projection neurons in V1 from their target nuclei in thalamus (dLGN, LP, LD), we observed that V1-dLGN corticothalamic neurons were densely concentrated in layer VI, except for several sparsely scattered neurons in layer V, while V1-LP and V1-LD corticothalamic neurons were localized to both layers V and VI. Meanwhile, we observed a fraction of V1 corticothalamic neurons targeting multiple thalamic nuclei, which was further confirmed by fMOST whole-brain imaging. We further conceptually proposed an upgraded sub-nucleus tracing system with higher throughput (21 subsets) for more complex architectural tracing. The multi-fluorescent RV tracing tool can be extensively applied to resolve architecture of projection neuron subsets, with a strong potential to delineate the computational and functional organization of these nuclei.

Mario Gozzano: The Work of an EEG Pioneer

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mazza ◽  
A. Pavone ◽  
E. Niedermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Early History ◽  
University Departments ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

The study of the early history of electroencephalography can yield fascinating insights and surprises. A revisit to the work of Mario Gozzano (1898–1986) has proved to be particularly stimulating. His EEG study of 1935 is a classic and should be resurrected from the graveyard of history. Gozzano was an eminent clinical neurologist-epileptologist and chairman of the neurological-psychiatric university departments in Cagliari, Pisa, Bologna and, from 1951 to his retirement, in Rome. He quickly recognized the significance of EEG and produced his major experimental EEG work in the wake of a stay at the Berlin-Buch Brain Institute. His prolonged corticograms of various regions in the rabbit demonstrated striking differences between various cortical areas. Topical cortical strychnine produced spikes (a barely known phenomenon at that time) and the evolution from interictal to ictal spiking. Spikes induced by visual stimuli may be regarded as precursors of evoked potentials. While Hans Berger was a holist (“the brain working as a whole”), Gozzano (influenced by Vogt and Kornmueller) provided EEG support for the localizationists.

scholarly journals Acute Psychosis Associated with Subcortical Stroke: Comparison between Basal Ganglia and Mid-Brain Lesions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron McMurtray ◽  
Ben Tseng ◽  
Natalie Diaz ◽  
Julia Chung ◽  
Bijal Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Ischemic Stroke ◽  
New Onset

Acute onset of psychosis in an older or elderly individual without history of previous psychiatric disorders should prompt a thorough workup for neurologic causes of psychiatric symptoms. This report compares and contrasts clinical features of new onset of psychotic symptoms between two patients, one with an acute basal ganglia hemorrhagic stroke and another with an acute mid-brain ischemic stroke. Delusions and hallucinations due to basal ganglia lesions are theorized to develop as a result of frontal lobe dysfunction causing impairment of reality checking pathways in the brain, while visual hallucinations due to mid-brain lesions are theorized to develop due to dysregulation of inhibitory control of the ponto-geniculate-occipital system. Psychotic symptoms occurring due to stroke demonstrate varied clinical characteristics that depend on the location of the stroke within the brain. Treatment with antipsychotic medications may provide symptomatic relief.

scholarly journals VII-The thalamic connections of the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain in the monkey

1935 ◽  
Vol 224 (515) ◽  
pp. 313-359 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Body ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Relay Station ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Cortical Connections ◽  
Sensory Nucleus ◽  
Proper Functions ◽  
The Brain

It is well known that a large proportion of the thalamus proper functions as a relay station through which sensory impulses are projected on to the cerebral cortex. With the exception of the lateral geniculate body (whose detailed relations to the area striata have recently been worked out with great accuracy by Poliak (1933)) the precise relation of the various thalamic nuclei and their subdivisions to the different cortical areas still remains to be established. The investigation of which this communication represents a report was undertaken in the first place in order to define precisely the manner in which the main sensory nucleus of the thalamus (nucleus ventralis) is projected on to the sensory areas of the cortex. We have, however, extended our original plans to include a survey of the thalamo-cortical connections of the greater part of the frontal and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex. The work of previous investigators which bears on this question we will leave for consideration in the discussion at the end of this paper.

scholarly journals The Human Basal Ganglia Mediate the Interplay between Reactive and Proactive Control of Response through Both Motor Inhibition and Sensory Modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Marion Criaud ◽  
Jean-Luc Anton ◽  
Bruno Nazarian ◽  
Marieke Longcamp ◽  
Elise Metereau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Target Stimulus ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

The basal ganglia (BG) have long been known for contributing to the regulation of motor behaviour by means of a complex interplay between tonic and phasic inhibitory mechanisms. However, after having focused for a long time on phasic reactive mechanisms, it is only recently that psychological research in healthy humans has modelled tonic proactive mechanisms of control. Mutual calibration between anatomo-functional and psychological models is still needed to better understand the unclear role of the BG in the interplay between proactive and reactive mechanisms of control. Here, we implemented an event-related fMRI design allowing proper analysis of both the brain activity preceding the target-stimulus and the brain activity induced by the target-stimulus during a simple go/nogo task, with a particular interest in the ambiguous role of the basal ganglia. Post-stimulus activity was evoked in the left dorsal striatum, the subthalamus nucleus and internal globus pallidus by any stimulus when the situation was unpredictable, pinpointing its involvement in reactive, non-selective inhibitory mechanisms when action restraint is required. Pre-stimulus activity was detected in the ventral, not the dorsal, striatum, when the situation was unpredictable, and was associated with changes in functional connectivity with the early visual, not the motor, cortex. This suggests that the ventral striatum supports modulatory influence over sensory processing during proactive control.

The brain in evolution and involution

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Parent
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Severe Motor ◽  
Cortical Inputs ◽  
Neuronal Systems ◽  
The Brain

This paper provides an overview of the phylogenetic evolution and structural organization of the basal ganglia. These large subcortical structures that form the core of the cerebral hemispheres directly participate in the control of psychomotor behavior. Neuroanatomical methods combined with transmitter localization procedures were used to study the chemical organization of the forebrain in each major group of vertebrates. The various components of the basal ganglia appear well developed in amniote vertebrates, but remain rudimentary in anamniote vertebrates. For example, a typical substantia nigra composed of numerous dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum already exists in the brain of reptiles. Other studies in mammals show that glutamatergic cortical inputs establish distinct functional territories within the basal ganglia, and that neurons in each of these territories act upon other brain neuronal systems principally via a GABAergic disinhibitory output mechanism. The functional status of the various basal ganglia chemospecific systems was examined in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in postmortem material from Parkinson's and Huntington's disease patients. The neurodegenerative processes at play in such conditions specifically target the most phylogenetically ancient components of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the striatum, and the marked involution of these brain structures is accompanied by severe motor and cognitive deficits. Studies of neural mechanisms involved in these akinetic and hyperkinetic disorders have led to a complete reevaluation of the current model of the functional organization of the basal ganglia in both health and disease. Key words: brain phylogeny, basal ganglia, neurotransmitters, neurodegenerative disorders.

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