scholarly journals Functional maps of the primate cortex revealed by through-skull wide-field optical imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xindong Song ◽  
Yueqi Guo ◽  
Hongbo Li ◽  
Chenggang Chen ◽  
Zachary Schmidt ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTThe primate cerebral cortex is organized into specialized areas representing different functional modalities (e.g., vision, audition, touch) and their associations along a continuous surface. The functional maps of these areas, however, are often investigated in a single modality at a time. Here, we developed and applied to awake primates a polarization-enhanced wide-field optical imaging method for measuring cortical hemodynamics through the intact skull. Adjacent somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortices were noninvasively localized and rapidly parcellated in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a primate model featuring a smooth cortex. Detailed somatotopy, tonotopy, and retinotopy were also mapped out on an individual-subject basis, with a new pure-tone-responsive tonotopic gradient discovered outside the auditory core. Moreover, the motion-sensitive extent surrounding the primate-specific MT/V5 and the location of a face-sensitive patch were both revealed with respect to retinotopy. This approach provides a powerful tool for mapping the functional landscape across modalities in a single non-human primate subject, and thus opens new opportunities for probing how primate cortical system is organized to enable real-world behaviors.

Author(s):  
Bernard Choi ◽  
Wangcun Jia ◽  
Kristen M. Kelly ◽  
Jennifer Channual ◽  
Justin Lotfi

Noninvasive blood flow characterization is essential to assess the health status of biological tissue and to evaluate the efficacy of therapies which target the microvasculature. Optimization of laser therapy for disfiguring vascular birthmarks is one specific clinical application. Current treatment protocols involve the use of high-power pulsed laser irradiation with parameters selected to induce selective photocoagulation of the targeted blood vessels. Protocol design is based largely on results from numerical modeling studies, which have predictive capability of the laser light distribution within the skin and subsequent photothermal response leading towards selective photocoagulation. However, the biological response of the microvasculature to therapeutic laser intervention remains a poorly-researched field. We hypothesize that the acute photothermal response of the microvasculature is a poor predictor of the chronic response, due to vascular remodeling processes which are not included in current modeling studies. To test this hypothesis, we employ an optical imaging method to assess blood flow dynamics in response to therapeutic intervention.


1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Koenig ◽  
Craig Reister ◽  
J. Schtaub ◽  
Gary Muniz ◽  
Tim Fergusan

Life Sciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 119374
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Navabi ◽  
Babak Negahdari ◽  
Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar ◽  
Mostafa Hajinasrollah ◽  
Yaser Jenab ◽  
...  

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Natalia Nunez ◽  
Louis Réot ◽  
Elisabeth Menu

Interactions between the immune system and the microbiome play a crucial role on the human health. These interactions start in the prenatal period and are critical for the maturation of the immune system in newborns and infants. Several factors influence the composition of the infant’s microbiota and subsequently the development of the immune system. They include maternal infection, antibiotic treatment, environmental exposure, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and food introduction. In this review, we focus on the ontogeny of the immune system and its association to microbial colonization from conception to food diversification. In this context, we give an overview of the mother–fetus interactions during pregnancy, the impact of the time of birth and the mode of delivery, the neonate gastrointestinal colonization and the role of breastfeeding, weaning, and food diversification. We further review the impact of the vaccination on the infant’s microbiota and the reciprocal case. Finally, we discuss several potential therapeutic interventions that might help to improve the newborn and infant’s health and their responses to vaccination. Throughout the review, we underline the main scientific questions that are left to be answered and how the non-human primate model could help enlighten the path.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Cross ◽  
Zachary A. Bornholdt ◽  
Abhishek N. Prasad ◽  
Viktoriya Borisevich ◽  
Krystle N. Agans ◽  
...  

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and remdesivir, a small-molecule antiviral, are promising monotherapies for many viruses, including members of the genera Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus (family Filoviridae), and more recently, SARS-CoV-2. One of the major challenges of acute viral infections is the treatment of advanced disease. Thus, extending the window of therapeutic intervention is critical. Here, we explore the benefit of combination therapy with a mAb and remdesivir in a non-human primate model of Marburg virus (MARV) disease. While rhesus monkeys are protected against lethal infection when treatment with either a human mAb (MR186-YTE; 100%), or remdesivir (80%), is initiated 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) with MARV, no animals survive when either treatment is initiated alone beginning 6 dpi. However, by combining MR186-YTE with remdesivir beginning 6 dpi, significant protection (80%) is achieved, thereby extending the therapeutic window. These results suggest value in exploring combination therapy in patients presenting with advanced filovirus disease.


2017 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géraldine Piorkowski ◽  
Frédéric Jacquot ◽  
Gilles Quérat ◽  
Caroline Carbonnelle ◽  
Delphine Pannetier ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Michael Kyweriga ◽  
Jianjun Sun ◽  
Sunny Wang ◽  
Richard Kline ◽  
Majid H. Mohajerani

2007 ◽  
Vol &NA; ◽  
pp. S8
Author(s):  
Ponpan Matangkasombut ◽  
Muriel Pichavant ◽  
Takahiro Yasumi ◽  
Carrie Hendricks ◽  
Rosemarie H. DeKruyff ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chi Liu ◽  
Anthony Herr Cheun Ng ◽  
Xu Wen Ng ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Subbu S. Venkatraman ◽  
...  

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