scholarly journals Synchrony of Non-isochronous Signals in an Acoustically Communicating Katydid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Nityananda ◽  
Rohini Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Oscillator Model ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Multiple Components

SummaryThe ability to entrain to auditory stimuli has been a powerful method to investigate the comparative rhythm abilities of different animals. While synchrony to regular (isochronous) rhythms is well documented, synchrony to non-isochronous stimuli, with multiple components at unequal time intervals, is rarer. Several katydid species with isochronous calls have been shown to achieve synchrony as part of their natural calling interactions in multi-individual choruses. Yet no study so far has demonstrated synchrony in any insect with a non-isochronous call. Using natural calling behaviour and playback experiments, we investigated acoustic synchrony and the mechanisms underlying it in the katydid species Mecopoda ‘Two Part Caller’. This species has a complex non-isochronous call consisting of a long trill followed by two or more chirps. We found that individual males synchronized trills and, to a lesser extent, chirps. Further investigation of trill synchrony showed that timing of trills is modified by external trills but not chirps. Chirp synchrony is modified by external chirps but also by trills. We suggest a two-oscillator model underlying synchrony in this species and discuss the implications for the evolution of acoustic synchrony.

scholarly journals Synchrony of complex signals in an acoustically communicating katydid

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.241877
Author(s):  
Vivek Nityananda ◽  
Rohini Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Oscillator Model ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Complex Signals ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Complex Stimuli

The ability to entrain to auditory stimuli has been a powerful method to investigate the comparative rhythm abilities of different animals. While synchrony to regular simple rhythms is well documented, synchrony to complex stimuli, with multiple components at unequal time intervals, is rarer. Several katydid species with simple calls have been shown to achieve synchrony as part of their natural calling interactions in multi-individual choruses. Yet no study so far has demonstrated synchrony in any insect with a complex call. Using natural calling behaviour and playback experiments, we investigated acoustic synchrony and the mechanisms underlying it in the katydid species Mecopoda ‘Two Part Caller’. This species has a complex call consisting of a long trill followed by two or more chirps. We found that individual males synchronized trills and, to a lesser extent, chirps. Further investigation of trill synchrony showed that the timing of trills is modified by external trills but not chirps. Chirp synchrony is modified by external chirps, but also by trills. We suggest a qualitative two-oscillator model underlying synchrony in this species and discuss the implications for the evolution of acoustic synchrony.

scholarly journals Psychomotor Functions and Interval Timing in Patients Receiving Intravenous Anesthesia for Endoscopic Procedures: The Pilot Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Płotek ◽  
Marcin Cybulski ◽  
Anna Kluzik ◽  
Małgorzata Grześkowiak ◽  
Jacek Jelonek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychomotor Function ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Intravenous Anesthesia ◽  
Endoscopic Procedures ◽  
Anesthesia Group ◽  
Psychomotor Functions ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Perception Of Time

Introduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate two measures in a cognitive examination: psychomotor function and the perception of time (PT) in patients after intravenous anesthesia for endoscopic procedures.Material and Methods. We tested 23 anesthetized patients (Anesthesia Group, AG) and 17 not anesthetized patients (Control Group, CG). The Dufour Cross-Shaped Apparatus (DA) was used to assess quick reactions. Perception of time (PT) was measured for 1-, 2-, 5-, and 7-second intervals. The tests were performed before the anesthesia was administered and 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after the procedure was completed.Results. The intervals that were generated and the reproduced visual stimuli were shorter than the patterns. The reproduced 1- and 2-second auditory stimuli were longer than the patterns. The remaining reproduced auditory impulses were shorter than the patterns.Conclusions. In anesthetized patients, quick psychomotor reactions and the ability to time intervals are preserved 1.5 h and later after intravenous anesthesia for endoscopy.

scholarly journals Pigeons’ memory for empty time intervals marked by visual or auditory stimuli

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Santi ◽  
Lori Ross ◽  
Romina Coppa ◽  
James Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Empty Time

Influence of Phenomenal Time on Perceived Space

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Russo ◽  
A. Dellantonio
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Empty Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Physical Time ◽  
Kappa Effect

It is known from work by Helson and King that the apparent spatial distance between stimuli presented in succession depends on the time interval between those stimuli (“tau effect”). It is also known that the apparent time (i.e., the interval of time perceived between stimuli presented in succession) depends on the spatial distance between the stimuli defining the time interval (called “kappa effect” by Cohen, Hansel, and Sylvester). For the “kappa effect,” apparent time between lights and stimuli on the skin of the forearm undergoes modification depending on the apparent spatial distance, as presented in Suto's work beginning in the early 1940s. The present work is complementary to Suto's. Its purpose is to test whether apparent spatial distance depends on the objective or subjective (apparent, phenomenal) time interval. To achieve this, our crucial (third) experiment was preceded by two exploratory experiments: the first to verify the illusion in which a subdivided interval appears longer than an empty interval of the same length (Oppel-Kundt temporal illusion); the second to verify the presence of the “tau effect” with simultaneous tactual and auditory stimuli for time intervals between 1500 and 2500 msec. In the third experiment subjects received successive tactual stimuli defining two spatial distance and two time intervals. They also received auditory stimuli that produced the Oppel-Kundt illusion by making the time intervals phenomenally different. The results fill a small experimental gap by showing it is subjective (phenomenal) and not objective (physical) time that influences perceived spatial distances.

scholarly journals Spatial attention and representation of time intervals in childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Magnani ◽  
Alessandro Musetti ◽  
Francesca Frassinetti
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Attentional Shift ◽  
Time Representation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bilateral Effects ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
Prismatic Adaptation ◽  
Representation Of Time

Abstract Spatial attention and spatial representation of time are strictly linked in the human brain. In young adults, a leftward shift of spatial attention by prismatic adaptation (PA), is associated with an underestimation whereas a rightward shift is associated with an overestimation of time both for visual and auditory stimuli. These results suggest a supra-modal representation of time left-to-right oriented that is modulated by a bilateral attentional shift. However, there is evidence of unilateral, instead of bilateral, effects of PA on time in elderly adults suggesting an influence of age on these effects. Here we studied the effects of spatial attention on time representation focusing on childhood. Fifty-four children aged from 5 to 11 years-old performed a temporal bisection task with visual and auditory stimuli before and after PA inducing a leftward or a rightward attentional shift. Results showed that children underestimated time after a leftward attentional shift either for visual or auditory stimuli, whereas a rightward attentional shift had null effect on time. Our results are discussed as a partial maturation of the link between spatial attention and time representation in childhood, due to immaturity of interhemispheric interactions or of executive functions necessary for the attentional complete influence on time representation.

scholarly journals Call overlapping signals sexual status in Darwin’s frogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M Serrano ◽  
Noé Guzmán ◽  
Mario Penna ◽  
Marco A Méndez ◽  
Claudio Soto-Azat
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Signal Recognition ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Sexual Status ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Call Repertoire ◽  
Phase Angles

Background. In animal reproductive contexts, calling behaviour is mostly performed by males but in species in which females call, it is not known how vocal interaction occurs between sexes, particularly when sexual dimorphism in signals is low, as in cases in which call repertoire is identical but acoustic properties differ. In Darwin’s frog (Rhinoderma darwinii), a species in which males brood larvae inside their vocal sacs, females have higher dominant frequency and shorter calls and notes than males. Since in this species males persist calling after getting pregnant with larvae, different vocal interaction patterns are expected to occur among animals having dissimilar reproductive status. Methodology. To explore the mechanisms underlying vocal recognition among the different sexual status of R. darwinii, we recorded natural duets between non-pregnant males (NPM), pregnant males (PM) and females (F) and evaluated their evoked vocal response to natural playback stimuli of each sexual status from November to February 2015-2016 in Chiloé island, Chile. Call rate, phase angles, sound pressure level (SPL), number of overlapping calls and delay of overlapping calls were measured to determine differential responses between natural duets and in response to stimuli consisting of natural calls of individuals of different sexual status. Results. Spontaneous duet interactions occurred mainly between males and no clear differences between duets were detected. In playbacks, call ratios in response to calls of different sexual status were similar. Females decreased their SPL in response to F calls, while F and PM had longer call delays and lower call overlaps between each other. Major differences were observed in call overlap, as the occurrence of this phenomenon was larger in playback experiments than during natural duets. The number of calls overlapped during natural duets was fewer (10.9 %) than during playback experiments (36.8 %). Conclusions. Our results suggest that in R. darwinii, PM and F signalize their sexual status by decreasing their call overlap and that NPM respond indistinctly to the other sexual status. In general, these differences in selective call overlap between Darwin's frogs arise as a novel mechanism for signal recognition between animal vocal interactions.

scholarly journals Call overlapping signals sexual status in Darwin’s frogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M Serrano ◽  
Noé Guzmán ◽  
Mario Penna ◽  
Marco A Méndez ◽  
Claudio Soto-Azat
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Signal Recognition ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Sexual Status ◽  
Calling Behaviour ◽  
Call Repertoire ◽  
Phase Angles

Background. In animal reproductive contexts, calling behaviour is mostly performed by males but in species in which females call, it is not known how vocal interaction occurs between sexes, particularly when sexual dimorphism in signals is low, as in cases in which call repertoire is identical but acoustic properties differ. In Darwin’s frog (Rhinoderma darwinii), a species in which males brood larvae inside their vocal sacs, females have higher dominant frequency and shorter calls and notes than males. Since in this species males persist calling after getting pregnant with larvae, different vocal interaction patterns are expected to occur among animals having dissimilar reproductive status. Methodology. To explore the mechanisms underlying vocal recognition among the different sexual status of R. darwinii, we recorded natural duets between non-pregnant males (NPM), pregnant males (PM) and females (F) and evaluated their evoked vocal response to natural playback stimuli of each sexual status from November to February 2015-2016 in Chiloé island, Chile. Call rate, phase angles, sound pressure level (SPL), number of overlapping calls and delay of overlapping calls were measured to determine differential responses between natural duets and in response to stimuli consisting of natural calls of individuals of different sexual status. Results. Spontaneous duet interactions occurred mainly between males and no clear differences between duets were detected. In playbacks, call ratios in response to calls of different sexual status were similar. Females decreased their SPL in response to F calls, while F and PM had longer call delays and lower call overlaps between each other. Major differences were observed in call overlap, as the occurrence of this phenomenon was larger in playback experiments than during natural duets. The number of calls overlapped during natural duets was fewer (10.9 %) than during playback experiments (36.8 %). Conclusions. Our results suggest that in R. darwinii, PM and F signalize their sexual status by decreasing their call overlap and that NPM respond indistinctly to the other sexual status. In general, these differences in selective call overlap between Darwin's frogs arise as a novel mechanism for signal recognition between animal vocal interactions.

Identifying suboptimalities with factorial model comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
The Many

AbstractGiven the many types of suboptimality in perception, I ask how one should test for multiple forms of suboptimality at the same time – or, more generally, how one should compare process models that can differ in any or all of the multiple components. In analogy to factorial experimental design, I advocate for factorial model comparison.

Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1947-1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rybák ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronal Emission Line ◽  
Homogeneous Data

AbstractFe XIV 530.3 nm coronal emission line observations have been used for the estimation of the green solar corona rotation. A homogeneous data set, created from measurements of the world-wide coronagraphic network, has been examined with a help of correlation analysis to reveal the averaged synodic rotation period as a function of latitude and time over the epoch from 1947 to 1991.The values of the synodic rotation period obtained for this epoch for the whole range of latitudes and a latitude band ±30° are 27.52±0.12 days and 26.95±0.21 days, resp. A differential rotation of green solar corona, with local period maxima around ±60° and minimum of the rotation period at the equator, was confirmed. No clear cyclic variation of the rotation has been found for examinated epoch but some monotonic trends for some time intervals are presented.A detailed investigation of the original data and their correlation functions has shown that an existence of sufficiently reliable tracers is not evident for the whole set of examinated data. This should be taken into account in future more precise estimations of the green corona rotation period.

Prolonged Fixation Studies For Spaceflight

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
Robert Corbett ◽  
Delbert E. Philpott ◽  
Sam Black
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Large Numbers

Observation of subtle or early signs of change in spaceflight induced alterations on living systems require precise methods of sampling. In-flight analysis would be preferable but constraints of time, equipment, personnel and cost dictate the necessity for prolonged storage before retrieval. Because of this, various tissues have been stored in fixatives and combinations of fixatives and observed at various time intervals. High pressure and the effect of buffer alone have also been tried.Of the various tissues embedded, muscle, cartilage and liver, liver has been the most extensively studied because it contains large numbers of organelles common to all tissues (Fig. 1).

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