scholarly journals Rampant tooth loss across 200 million years of frog evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Paluh ◽  
Karina Riddell ◽  
Catherine M. Early ◽  
Maggie M. Hantak ◽  
Gregory F.M. Jongsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Invertebrate Prey ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialized Diet

AbstractTeeth have been broadly maintained across most clades of vertebrates but have been lost completely at least once in actinopterygian fishes and several times in amniotes. Using phenotypic data collected from over 500 genera via micro-computed tomography, we provide the first rigorous assessment of the evolutionary history of dentition across all major lineages of amphibians. We demonstrate that dentition is invariably present in caecilians and salamanders, but teeth have been lost completely more than 20 times in frogs, a much higher occurrence of edentulism than in any other vertebrate group. The repeated loss of teeth in anurans is associated with a specialized diet of small invertebrate prey as well as shortening of the lower jaw, but it is not correlated with a reduction in body size. Frogs provide an unparalleled opportunity for investigating the molecular and developmental mechanisms of convergent tooth loss on a large phylogenetic scale.

scholarly journals Rampant tooth loss across 200 million years of frog evolution

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Paluh ◽  
Karina Riddell ◽  
Catherine M Early ◽  
Maggie M Hantak ◽  
Gregory FM Jongsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Invertebrate Prey ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialized Diet

Teeth are present in most clades of vertebrates but have been lost completely several times in actinopterygian fishes and amniotes. Using phenotypic data collected from over 500 genera via micro-computed tomography, we provide the first rigorous assessment of the evolutionary history of dentition across all major lineages of amphibians. We demonstrate that dentition is invariably present in caecilians and salamanders, but teeth have been lost completely more than 20 times in frogs, a much higher occurrence of edentulism than in any other vertebrate group. The repeated loss of teeth in anurans is associated with a specialized diet of small invertebrate prey as well as shortening of the lower jaw, but it is not correlated with a reduction in body size. Frogs provide an unparalleled opportunity for investigating the molecular and developmental mechanisms of convergent tooth loss on a large phylogenetic scale.

The Emerging Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Actinopterygian Fishes

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dornburg ◽  
Thomas J. Near
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
First Century ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Living Fossils ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective

The emergence of a new phylogeny of ray-finned fishes at the turn of the twenty-first century marked a paradigm shift in understanding the evolutionary history of half of living vertebrates. We review how the new ray-finned fish phylogeny radically departs from classical expectations based on morphology. We focus on evolutionary relationships that span the backbone of ray-finned fish phylogeny, from the earliest divergences among teleosts and nonteleosts to the resolution of major lineages of Percomorpha. Throughout, we feature advances gained by the new phylogeny toward a broader understanding of ray-finned fish evolutionary history and the implications for topics that span from the genetics of human health to reconsidering the concept of living fossils. Additionally, we discuss conceptual challenges that involve reconciling taxonomic classification with phylogenetic relationships and propose an alternate higher-level classification for Percomorpha. Our review highlights remaining areas of phylogenetic uncertainty and opportunities for comparative investigations empowered by this new phylogenetic perspective on ray-finned fishes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4859 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-408
Author(s):  
ANDRIS BUKEJS ◽  
CHRIS A. M. REID ◽  
MAURIZIO BIONDI
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Baltic Amber ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
X Ray ◽  
History Of

Based on a well-preserved specimen from Eocene Baltic amber, Groehnaltica batophiloides gen. nov. and sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) is described and illustrated using X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). The new monotypic genus is compared with fossil and extant flea-beetle genera. In the extant Eurasian fauna Groehnaltica shows most similarity to Batophila Foudras, 1859. However, it is also similiar to a Palaeotropical group of genera, including Bikasha Maulik, 1931, and Lanka Maulik, 1926. Groehnaltica batophiloides is the tenth member of Alticini to be described from Baltic amber, adding to our understanding of the evolutionary history of this diverse group of beetles. 

scholarly journals Revision of Icacinaceae from the Early Eocene London Clay flora based on X-ray micro-CT1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Stull ◽  
Neil F. Adams ◽  
Steven R. Manchester ◽  
Dan Sykes ◽  
Margaret E. Collinson
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fossil Material ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
London Clay ◽  
Clay Formation

The Early Eocene (Ypresian) London Clay Formation contains one of the most important fruit and seed assemblages from the Paleogene, including a large diversity of taxa (>350 spp.) preserved as pyrite permineralizations retaining 3D structure as well as anatomical detail. Despite the importance of the flora for understanding angiosperm biogeographic and evolutionary history, the majority of the fossil material has not been revisited since the original taxonomic treatments by E.M. Reid and M.E.J. Chandler. Given subsequent advances in our understanding of angiosperm phylogeny and fruit morphology, coupled with technological advances in imaging/visualizing fossil material, many of the taxa represented in the flora deserve further study. Here we present a revision of the pantropical family Icacinaceae using X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images of 21 species from the flora. Based on the results, four new combinations are made, a new fossil-genus is established for a distinctive species with affinities to the Phytocreneae, and emended diagnoses are provided for eight taxa. Of the seven genera recognized from the flora, only one, Iodes Blume, is extant. This study offers important insights on the biogeographic and evolutionary history of Icacinaceae, which is one of the most abundant and diverse components of the flora from the London Clay Formation.

scholarly journals Sesamoids in Caudata and Gymnophiona (Lissamphibia): absences and evidence

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10595
Author(s):  
María Laura Ponssa ◽  
Virginia Abdala
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Mandibular Symphysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Sesamoid Bones ◽  
History Of ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Definition Of

An integrative definition of sesamoid bones has been recently proposed, highlighting their relationship with tendons and ligaments, their genetic origin, the influence of epigenetic stimuli on their development, and their variable tissue composition. Sesamoid bones occur mainly associated with a large number of mobile joints in vertebrates, most commonly in the postcranium. Here, we present a survey of the distribution pattern of sesamoids in 256 taxa of Caudata and Gymnophiona and 24 taxa of temnospondyls and lepospondyls, based on dissections, high-resolution X-ray computed tomography from digital databases and literature data. These groups have a pivotal role in the interpretation of the evolution of sesamoids in Lissamphibia and tetrapods in general. Our main goals were: (1) to contribute to the knowledge of the comparative anatomy of sesamoids in Lissamphibia; (2) to assess the evolutionary history of selected sesamoids. We formally studied the evolution of the observed sesamoids by optimizing them in the most accepted phylogeny of the group. We identified only three bony or cartilaginous sesamoids in Caudata: the mandibular sesamoid, which is adjacent to the jaw articulation; one located on the mandibular symphysis; and one located in the posterior end of the maxilla. We did not observe any cartilaginous or osseous sesamoid in Gymnophiona. Mapping analyses of the sesamoid dataset of urodeles onto the phylogeny revealed that the very conspicuous sesamoid in the mandibular symphysis of Necturus beyeri and Amphiuma tridactylum is an independent acquisition of these taxa. On the contrary, the sesamoid located between the maxilla and the lower jaw is a new synapomorphy that supports the node of Hydromantes platycephalus and Karsenia coreana. The absence of a mandibular sesamoid is plesiomorphic to Caudata, whereas it is convergent in seven different families. The absence of postcranial sesamoids in salamanders might reveal a paedomorphic pattern that would be visible in their limb joints.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

A STUDY ON CLINICAL AND X - RAY FEATURES OF PARTIALLY  EDENTULOUS PATIENTS WITH DENTAL IMPLANT

2011 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Quang Hai Nguyen ◽  
Toai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Dental Implant ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Edentulous Patients ◽  
Missing Tooth

1. Background: Loss of permanent teeth is very common, affected chewing function, speech and aesthetics; restoration of missing teeth with dental implant has several advantages, but we need thoroughly study the clinical and X ray features at the position at missing teeth, then to select the type of implant and make the best plan for the dental implant patients. 2. Materials and method: Cross-section descriptive study. From January 2009 to November 2010, study with 56 patients with 102 implants of MIS and Megagen systems at the Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue College of Medicine and Pharmacy and Vietnam-Cuba Hospital in Ha Noi. 3. Results: Distributed equally in male and female, common ages 40 – 59 (55,4%), the majority of missing teeth occurs in the lower jaw (63,8%) and especially, the teeth 36 and 46 (25,4%). The majority of missing teeth due to dental caries, dental pulp and apical diseases (64,7%) of the molar teeth (51,9%); the most position of missing tooth have enough bone for dental implants (87,3%), time of tooth loss and bone status in the position of tooth loss are related to each other (p < 0,01). Diameter and length of implant usually used 4.0 – 6.0 mm (63,7%) and 8.5 – 13.0 mm (83,3%). 4. Conclusion: Clinical and X ray features of edentulous patients has an important role in determining the type of implants and treatment planning of dental implants. Key words: Loss of permanent teeth, X ray and clinical features, Dental implant.

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