scholarly journals Population Genomic Analysis of Cryptococcus Brazilian Strains Reveals an African Type Subclades Distribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Maufrais ◽  
Luciana de Oliveira ◽  
Rafael W. Bastos ◽  
Frédérique Moyrand ◽  
Flavia C. G. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South America ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
South American ◽  
Brazilian Isolate ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
The World ◽  
Lineage Specificity ◽  
Global Population

AbstractThe genome of a large number of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates has been sequenced and analyzed in recent years. These genomes have been used to understand the global population structure of this opportunistic pathogen. However, only a small number of South American isolates have been considered in these studies, and the population structure of C. neoformans in this part of the world remains evasive. Here, we analyzed the genomic sequences of 53 Brazilian Cryptococcus isolates and deciphered the C. neoformans population structure in this country. Our data reveal an African-like structure that suggesting repeated and privileged intercontinental transports from Africa to South America. We also identified a mutator phenotype in one VNBII Brazilian isolate, exemplifying how fast-evolving isolates can shape the Cryptococcus population structure. Finally, phenotypic analyses revealed wide diversity but not lineage specificity in the expression of classical virulence traits within the set of isolates.

scholarly journals Population genomic analysis of Cryptococcus Brazilian isolates reveals an African type subclade distribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Maufrais ◽  
Luciana de Oliveira ◽  
Rafael W Bastos ◽  
Frédérique Moyrand ◽  
Flavia C G Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South America ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
South American ◽  
Brazilian Isolate ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
The World ◽  
Lineage Specificity ◽  
Global Population

Abstract The genomes of a large number of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates have been sequenced and analyzed in recent years. These genomes have been used to understand the global population structure of this opportunistic pathogen. However, only a small number of South American isolates have been considered in these studies, and the population structure of C. neoformans in this part of the world remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the genomic sequences of 53 Brazilian Cryptococcus isolates and deciphered the C. neoformans population structure in this country. Our data reveal an African-like structure that suggested repeated intercontinental transports from Africa to South America. We also identified a mutator phenotype in one VNBII Brazilian isolate, exemplifying how fast-evolving isolates can shape the Cryptococcus population structure. Finally, phenotypic analyses revealed wide diversity but not lineage specificity in the expression of classical virulence traits within the set of isolates.

scholarly journals Phylogeographic separation and formation of sexually discrete lineages in a global population of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Seecharran ◽  
Laura Kalin-Mänttäri ◽  
Katja A. Koskela ◽  
Simo Nikkari ◽  
Benjamin Dickins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
The World ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Lineage Structure ◽  
Global Population

AbstractYersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram negative intestinal pathogen of humans and has been responsible for several nation-wide gastro-intestinal outbreaks. Large-scale population genomic studies have been performed on the other human pathogenic Yersinia, Y. pestis and Y. enterocolitica allowing a high-resolution understanding of the ecology, evolution and dissemination of these pathogens. However, to date no large-scale global population genomic analysis of Y. pseudotuberculosis has been performed. Here we present analyses of the genomes of 134 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis isolated from around the world, from multiple ecosystems since 1960’s. Our data display a phylogeographic split within the population, with an Asian ancestry and subsequent dispersal of successful clonal lineages into Europe and the rest of the world. These lineages can be differentiated by CRISPR cluster arrays, and we show that the lineages are limited with respect to inter-lineage genetic exchange. This restriction of genetic exchange maintains the discrete lineage structure in the population despite co-existence of lineages for thousands of years in multiple countries. Our data highlights how CRISPR can be informative of the evolutionary trajectory of bacterial lineages, and merits further study across bacteria.

scholarly journals Why Might We Fight? International Resource Conflicts and Water Security in South America

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Carlos Bragatti ◽  
Maria Luísa Telarolli de Almeida Leite
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
South America ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Water Security ◽  
South American ◽  
Resource Conflicts ◽  
American States ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Population

In a context of accelerated climate change, increasing scarcity, and global population growth, environmentalissues and natural resources have become a matter of heightened concern for international security.Competition for access to and use of scarce natural resources are increasingly part of the nations’ geostrategicpolicies. South America, one of the richest regions in the world in terms of natural resources, especiallywater, attracts the international interest. This article builds up a picture of such water resources and presentsevidence suggesting the urgent need for more effective cooperation among South American states to establishguidelines for the management and defense of the region’s natural wealth.

scholarly journals On Vastness and Variability: Cultural Transmission, Historicity, and the Paleoindian Record in Eastern South America

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 1239-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASTOLFO G.M. ARAUJO
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South America ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
South American ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Early Human

Eastern South America, or what is today Brazilian territory, poses interesting questions about the early human occupation of the Americas. Three totally distinct and contemporaneous lithic technologies, dated between 11,000 and 10,000 14C BP, are present in different portions of the country: the Umbu tradition in the south, with its formal bifacial industry, with well-retouched scrapers and bifacial points; the Itaparica tradition in the central-west / northwest, totally unifacial, whose only formal artifacts are limaces; and the "Lagoa Santa" industry, completely lacking any formal artifacts, composed mainly of small quartz flakes. Our data suggests that these differences are not related to subsistence or raw-material constraints, but rather to different cultural norms and transmission of strongly divergent chaînes opératoires. Such diversity in material culture, when viewed from a cultural transmission (CT) theory standpoint, seems at odds with a simple Clovis model as the origin of these three cultural traditions given the time elapsed since the first Clovis ages and the expected population structure of the early South American settlers.

scholarly journals Brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle in South America

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. e141139
Author(s):  
José Soares Ferreira Neto
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
South American ◽  
Cattle Population ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Meat Market ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

In general, European and North American countries, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have already eradicated or reached good levels of control of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle. In the rest of the world, however, the epidemiological situation of these two diseases is frequently poorly understood. In this review article, quantified data on these diseases in the South American countries are presented. Initially, the aspects that led the continent to host 25% of the world cattle population are presented, in addition to the aspects that placed the continent at a prominent position in the international meat market. Subsequently the continent was divided into three country groups, considering the size of the cattle population and how well the epidemiological situation of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle is quantified. It is argued that countries that do not generate high-quality quantitative epidemiological data on these diseases have serious limitations in outlining and managing control or eradication strategies. Thus, for successful outcomes, at least methodologies to estimate the prevalence of infected herds should be employed.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics of Whiteflies and Associated Viruses in South America: Research Progress and Perspectives

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Renate Krause-Sakate ◽  
Luís Fernando Maranho Watanabe ◽  
Eduardo Silva Gorayeb ◽  
Felipe Barreto da Silva ◽  
Daniel de Lima Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
South American ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The World

By having an extensive territory and suitable climate conditions, South America is one of the most important agricultural regions in the world, providing different kinds of vegetable products to different regions of the world. However, such favorable conditions for plant production also allow the development of several pests, increasing production costs. Among them, whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) stand out for their potential for infesting several crops and for being resistant to insecticides, having high rates of reproduction and dispersal, besides their efficient activity as virus vectors. Currently, the most important species occurring in South America are Bemisia afer, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and the cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1, Mediterranean, and New World, from Bemisia tabaci complex. In this review, a series of studies performed in South America were compiled in an attempt to unify the advances that have been developed in whitefly management in this continent. At first, a background of the current whitefly distribution in South American countries as well as factors affecting them are shown, followed by a background of the whitefly transmitted viruses in South America, addressing their location and association with whiteflies in each country. Afterwards, a series of management strategies are proposed to be implemented in South American fields, including cultural practices and biological and chemical control, finalizing with a section containing future perspectives and directions for further research.

First record and a new species of Megarthrus Curtis (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Proteininae) from the Colombian Central Andes

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2916 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
MARGARITA M. LÓPEZ-GARCÍA ◽  
DIANA M. Méndez-Rojas ◽  
JOSÉ LUÍS NAVARRETE-HEREDIA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
First Record ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
A New Species

The genus Megarthrus Curtis 1829 with about 139 species described around the world, is the largest of the subfamily Proteininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (Cuccodoro 2011). Megarthrus is distributed worldwide (Cuccodoro 1999) but it is apparently more diverse in the Holartic region (Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002). However, the South American fauna is underestimated because many of the collected specimens are not yet described (Cuccodoro 2011). Newton et al. (2005) cited the genus as probable in Colombia because some species are known from Central America and northern South America, but until now, no species has been published from Colombia. Therefore, M. andinus sp. nov. represents the first record of the genus and subfamily for this country.

scholarly journals Genomic analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Malawi reveals acquisition of multiple ESBL determinants across diverse lineages

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1223-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Musicha ◽  
Chisomo L Msefula ◽  
Alison E Mather ◽  
Chrispin Chaguza ◽  
Amy K Cain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Global Population

Abstract Objectives ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPN) pose a major threat to human health globally. We carried out a WGS study to understand the genetic background of ESBL-producing KPN in Malawi and place them in the context of other global isolates. Methods We sequenced genomes of 72 invasive and carriage KPN isolates collected from patients admitted to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. We performed phylogenetic and population structure analyses on these and previously published genomes from Kenya (n = 66) and from outside sub-Saharan Africa (n = 67). We screened for presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genetic determinants and carried out association analyses by genomic sequence cluster, AMR phenotype and time. Results Malawian isolates fit within the global population structure of KPN, clustering into the major lineages of KpI, KpII and KpIII. KpI isolates from Malawi were more related to those from Kenya, with both collections exhibiting more clonality than isolates from the rest of the world. We identified multiple ESBL genes, including blaCTX-M-15, several blaSHV, blaTEM-63 and blaOXA-10, and other AMR genes, across diverse lineages of the KPN isolates from Malawi. No carbapenem resistance genes were detected; however, we detected IncFII and IncFIB plasmids that were similar to the carbapenem resistance-associated plasmid pNDM-mar. Conclusions There are multiple ESBL genes across diverse KPN lineages in Malawi and plasmids in circulation that are capable of carrying carbapenem resistance. Unless appropriate interventions are rapidly put in place, these may lead to a high burden of locally untreatable infection in vulnerable populations.

The teaching of Latin and South American regional integration by the motto "Nuestro norte es el sur": a postcolonial / decolonial approach to the thematic from the contact with the art of Torres García

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseli Fiorin Gomes
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The World

In South America, regional integration has a plethora of overlapping initiatives. To investigate it, a postcolonial/decolonial approach is proposed to teach the theme in International Relations, based on the the art of Torres García, which supported, with the phrase "our north is the south", the need to change north-south power relations. Thus, it is aimed at forming critical subjects, rethinking the South American place in the world.

scholarly journals Multiproxy evidence highlights a complex evolutionary legacy of maize in South America

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 362 (6420) ◽  
pp. 1309-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Kistler ◽  
S. Yoshi Maezumi ◽  
Jonas Gregorio de Souza ◽  
Natalia A. S. Przelomska ◽  
Flaviane Malaquias Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
South American ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
American Maize

Domesticated maize evolved from wild teosinte under human influences in Mexico beginning around 9000 years before the present (yr B.P.), traversed Central America by ~7500 yr B.P., and spread into South America by ~6500 yr B.P. Landrace and archaeological maize genomes from South America suggest that the ancestral population to South American maize was brought out of the domestication center in Mexico and became isolated from the wild teosinte gene pool before traits of domesticated maize were fixed. Deeply structured lineages then evolved within South America out of this partially domesticated progenitor population. Genomic, linguistic, archaeological, and paleoecological data suggest that the southwestern Amazon was a secondary improvement center for partially domesticated maize. Multiple waves of human-mediated dispersal are responsible for the diversity and biogeography of modern South American maize.

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