scholarly journals Population Dynamics of Whiteflies and Associated Viruses in South America: Research Progress and Perspectives

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Renate Krause-Sakate ◽  
Luís Fernando Maranho Watanabe ◽  
Eduardo Silva Gorayeb ◽  
Felipe Barreto da Silva ◽  
Daniel de Lima Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
South American ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The World

By having an extensive territory and suitable climate conditions, South America is one of the most important agricultural regions in the world, providing different kinds of vegetable products to different regions of the world. However, such favorable conditions for plant production also allow the development of several pests, increasing production costs. Among them, whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) stand out for their potential for infesting several crops and for being resistant to insecticides, having high rates of reproduction and dispersal, besides their efficient activity as virus vectors. Currently, the most important species occurring in South America are Bemisia afer, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and the cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1, Mediterranean, and New World, from Bemisia tabaci complex. In this review, a series of studies performed in South America were compiled in an attempt to unify the advances that have been developed in whitefly management in this continent. At first, a background of the current whitefly distribution in South American countries as well as factors affecting them are shown, followed by a background of the whitefly transmitted viruses in South America, addressing their location and association with whiteflies in each country. Afterwards, a series of management strategies are proposed to be implemented in South American fields, including cultural practices and biological and chemical control, finalizing with a section containing future perspectives and directions for further research.

CONCENTRATION AND REGIONALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE WORLD

2021 ◽  
Vol XIII (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Magdalena Golonko ◽  
Marcin Wysokiński ◽  
Arkadiusz Gromada
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Period

The main purpose of the article was to assess the regionalization of agricultural production in the world and the changes occurring in this aspect. The article presents the concentration level of agricultural production in the world by continent. The source of materials was data from FAOSTAT. The research period covered the years 2004 - 2016. In the analyzed period, the value of gross agricultural production doubled. Various trends were observed within the period studied. In the years 2004-2010, in all regions of the world, there was an increase in gross production of agriculture, while in the period 2010-2016 only in two – North America and Asia. It was noted that there was a high concentration of agricultural production, mainly concentrated in Asia and Europe. In the analyzed period, there was a relative increase in the share of agricultural production in Asia and South America as compared to other regions. Individual groups of agricultural products, such as cereals and animal production, were also analyzed. In both cases, concentration was different. The pace of concentration in animal production was higher than in plant production.

scholarly journals Brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle in South America

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. e141139
Author(s):  
José Soares Ferreira Neto
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
South American ◽  
Cattle Population ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Meat Market ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

In general, European and North American countries, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have already eradicated or reached good levels of control of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle. In the rest of the world, however, the epidemiological situation of these two diseases is frequently poorly understood. In this review article, quantified data on these diseases in the South American countries are presented. Initially, the aspects that led the continent to host 25% of the world cattle population are presented, in addition to the aspects that placed the continent at a prominent position in the international meat market. Subsequently the continent was divided into three country groups, considering the size of the cattle population and how well the epidemiological situation of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle is quantified. It is argued that countries that do not generate high-quality quantitative epidemiological data on these diseases have serious limitations in outlining and managing control or eradication strategies. Thus, for successful outcomes, at least methodologies to estimate the prevalence of infected herds should be employed.

First record and a new species of Megarthrus Curtis (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Proteininae) from the Colombian Central Andes

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2916 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
MARGARITA M. LÓPEZ-GARCÍA ◽  
DIANA M. Méndez-Rojas ◽  
JOSÉ LUÍS NAVARRETE-HEREDIA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
First Record ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The World ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
A New Species

The genus Megarthrus Curtis 1829 with about 139 species described around the world, is the largest of the subfamily Proteininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (Cuccodoro 2011). Megarthrus is distributed worldwide (Cuccodoro 1999) but it is apparently more diverse in the Holartic region (Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2002). However, the South American fauna is underestimated because many of the collected specimens are not yet described (Cuccodoro 2011). Newton et al. (2005) cited the genus as probable in Colombia because some species are known from Central America and northern South America, but until now, no species has been published from Colombia. Therefore, M. andinus sp. nov. represents the first record of the genus and subfamily for this country.

The teaching of Latin and South American regional integration by the motto "Nuestro norte es el sur": a postcolonial / decolonial approach to the thematic from the contact with the art of Torres García

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseli Fiorin Gomes
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The World

In South America, regional integration has a plethora of overlapping initiatives. To investigate it, a postcolonial/decolonial approach is proposed to teach the theme in International Relations, based on the the art of Torres García, which supported, with the phrase "our north is the south", the need to change north-south power relations. Thus, it is aimed at forming critical subjects, rethinking the South American place in the world.

scholarly journals Nasal mites (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) in Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) on the southern Coast of Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Silva da Silva ◽  
Simone Scheer ◽  
Gertrud Muller
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
First Record ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Sterna Hirundo ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

Abstract Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.

scholarly journals Population genomic analysis of Cryptococcus Brazilian isolates reveals an African type subclade distribution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Maufrais ◽  
Luciana de Oliveira ◽  
Rafael W Bastos ◽  
Frédérique Moyrand ◽  
Flavia C G Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
South America ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
South American ◽  
Brazilian Isolate ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
The World ◽  
Lineage Specificity ◽  
Global Population

Abstract The genomes of a large number of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates have been sequenced and analyzed in recent years. These genomes have been used to understand the global population structure of this opportunistic pathogen. However, only a small number of South American isolates have been considered in these studies, and the population structure of C. neoformans in this part of the world remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the genomic sequences of 53 Brazilian Cryptococcus isolates and deciphered the C. neoformans population structure in this country. Our data reveal an African-like structure that suggested repeated intercontinental transports from Africa to South America. We also identified a mutator phenotype in one VNBII Brazilian isolate, exemplifying how fast-evolving isolates can shape the Cryptococcus population structure. Finally, phenotypic analyses revealed wide diversity but not lineage specificity in the expression of classical virulence traits within the set of isolates.

scholarly journals What is Happening to the Wildlife of South America

Oryx ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip K. Crowe
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
South American ◽  
Kind Permission ◽  
World Wildlife Fund ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

In 1964 Ambassador Philip K. Crowe, who is a member of the Board of the US section of the World Wildlife Fund, visited seven South American countries to survey the wildlife situation for the Fund. This article is compiled, with his kind permission, from the newsletters that he wrote on his journeys. All too often he found that if an animal is edible or useful it is shot. Even the guano birds of Peru have declined seriously with the discovery that it is more profitable to convert the fish on which they depend for food into fish meal. But there are some hopeful exceptions, notably in Venezuela. Chief among the problems in all the states is the enforcement of such protection laws as do exist, and the author sees in education the only hope for conservation in South America.

scholarly journals Translations as Shapers of Image: Don Carlos Darwin and his Voyage into Spanish on H.M.S. Beagle

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Paoletti
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
South American ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
The World ◽  
Don Carlos

Abstract When we think about Charles Darwin, we usually associate him with his theory of evolution and his masterpiece, The Origin of Species. There is a lesser known, younger Darwin who, at 22 years of age, travelled around the world and poured his insightful observations in a very popular travel account, The Voyage of the Beagle. A considerable part of Darwin’s journal was dedicated to South America and, interestingly, it was in the Spanish-speaking regions he visited that he was called “Don Carlos.” This article presents an analysis that will revolve around three translations of The Voyage of the Beagle into Spanish. Their different translation projects will be described case by case and will be finally studied either from a “seer” or a “seen” point of view, which will be closely related to the place of publication and the content included in each translation. We will see the Spanish publishers taking a “seer,” a visitor approach while the South American publishers lean to the “seen,” the visited side and adapt the content of Darwin’s account as a young fledgling scientist accordingly. The different approaches adopted by each of these projects emphasize different traits of Darwin’s image and contribute to its construction in the Spanish-speaking world.

Pests.

2021 ◽  
pp. 249-269
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lasa ◽  
Andrea Birke ◽  
Larissa Guillén ◽  
Martín Aluja ◽  
Daniel Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Production Areas

Abstract This chapter focuses on major pests of guava in the different production areas of the world. The most important insects and mites have been grouped into six categories that have been divided according to different species and their importance across the different guava-producing regions. The chapter also emphasizes the basic features of each group related to their feeding damage, biology, behaviour, ecology and biorational pest management strategies. Minor pests are also listed. It is suggested that the main focus of pest control measures should be targeted towards fruit flies, some coleopteran and lepidopteran species that bore fruit and stems, and some minor pests that include scales, mealybugs, thrips, whiteflies and mites that increase guava production costs and reduce fruit quality and yields.

scholarly journals First report of Penicillium costaricense Visagie, M. Urb & Seifert (Eurotiales, Ascomycota) in South America and a second report for the world

Check List ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1457-1463
Author(s):  
Laureana de Vasconcelos Sobral ◽  
Diogo Xavier Lima ◽  
Joenny Maria da Silveira de Lima ◽  
Renan do Nascimento Barbosa ◽  
Roberta Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
South America ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Published Data ◽  
South American ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
First Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Surgery Center ◽  
Β Tubulin

Penicillium costaricense was isolated in air samples from a surgery center in a public hospital in Brazil. The only published data on the occurrence of this species is from caterpillar intestine of Rothschildia lebeau in Costa Rica. The isolate was identified by morphology together with the molecular markers β-tubulin and calmodulin. This report is a warning call to understand the pathogenicity of this species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. costaricense in South American and the second in the world.

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