scholarly journals Bidirectional modulation of pain-related behaviors in the zona incerta

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhuman Singh ◽  
Spring Valdivia ◽  
Omar Soler-Cedeño ◽  
Anisha P. Adke ◽  
Barbara Benowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Pain Processing ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Efferent Pathway ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Bidirectional Modulation

AbstractCentral amygdala neurons expressing protein kinase C-delta (CeA-PKCδ) are sensitized following nerve injury and promote pain-related responses in mice. The neural circuits underlying modulation of pain-related behaviors by CeA-PKCδ neurons, however, remain unknown. In this study, we identified a functional monosynaptic inhibitory neural circuit that originates in CeA-PKCδ neurons and terminates in the ventral region of the zona incerta (ZI), a subthalamic structure previously linked to pain processing. Behavioral experiments further show that chemogenetic inhibition of GABAergic ZI neurons is sufficient to induce bilateral hypersensitivity in uninjured mice as well as contralateral hypersensitivity after nerve injury. In contrast, chemogenetic activation of GABAergic ZI neurons reverses nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity, demonstrating that silencing of the ZI is required for injury-induced behavioral hypersensitivity. Our results identify a previously unrecognized inhibitory efferent pathway from CeA-PKCδ neurons to the ZI and demonstrate that ZI-GABAergic neurons can bidirectionally modulate pain-related behaviors in mice.

scholarly journals Oscillatory integration windows in neurons

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Gupta ◽  
Swikriti Saran Singh ◽  
Mark Stopfer
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Coincidence Detection ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Oscillation Frequencies ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp ◽  
Oscillatory Cycle

AbstractOscillatory synchrony among neurons occurs in many species and brain areas, and has been proposed to help neural circuits process information. One hypothesis states that oscillatory input creates cyclic integration windows: specific times in each oscillatory cycle when postsynaptic neurons become especially responsive to inputs. With paired local field potential (LFP) and intracellular recordings and controlled stimulus manipulations we directly tested this idea in the locust olfactory system. We found that inputs arriving in Kenyon cells (KCs) sum most effectively in a preferred window of the oscillation cycle. With a computational model, we found that the non-uniform structure of noise in the membrane potential helps mediate this process. Further experiments performed in vivo demonstrated that integration windows can form in the absence of inhibition and at a broad range of oscillation frequencies. Our results reveal how a fundamental coincidence-detection mechanism in a neural circuit functions to decode temporally organized spiking.

scholarly journals Prominent Inhibitory Projections Guide Sensorimotor Computation: An Invertebrate Perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Hughes ◽  
Tansu Celikel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Circuit Complexity ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Gating Mechanism ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Sensorimotor Representations

From single-cell organisms to complex neural networks, all evolved to provide control solutions to generate context and goal-specific actions. Neural circuits performing sensorimotor computation to drive navigation employ inhibitory control as a gating mechanism, as they hierarchically transform (multi)sensory information into motor actions. Here, we focus on this literature to critically discuss the proposition that prominent inhibitory projections form sensorimotor circuits. After reviewing the neural circuits of navigation across various invertebrate species, we argue that with increased neural circuit complexity and the emergence of parallel computations inhibitory circuits acquire new functions. The contribution of inhibitory neurotransmission for navigation goes beyond shaping the communication that drives motor neurons, instead, include encoding of emergent sensorimotor representations. A mechanistic understanding of the neural circuits performing sensorimotor computations in invertebrates will unravel the minimum circuit requirements driving adaptive navigation.

Artificial Intelligence Based on Biological Neurons

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-53
Author(s):  
Rinat Galiautdinov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Home Based

The chapter describes the new approach in artificial intelligence based on simulated biological neurons and creation of the neural circuits for the sphere of IoT which represent the next generation of artificial intelligence and IoT. Unlike existing technical devices for implementing a neuron based on classical nodes oriented to binary processing, the proposed path is based on simulation of biological neurons, creation of biologically close neural circuits where every device will implement the function of either a sensor or a “muscle” in the frame of the home-based live AI and IoT. The research demonstrates the developed nervous circuit constructor and its usage in building of the AI (neural circuit) for IoT.

scholarly journals A novel device for real-time measurement and manipulation of licking behavior in head-fixed mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 2975-2987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Williams ◽  
Anderson Speed ◽  
Bilal Haider
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Neural Recordings ◽  
Control Signals ◽  
Sensory Motor

The mouse has become an influential model system for investigating the mammalian nervous system. Technologies in mice enable recording and manipulation of neural circuits during tasks where they respond to sensory stimuli by licking for liquid rewards. Precise monitoring of licking during these tasks provides an accessible metric of sensory-motor processing, particularly when combined with simultaneous neural recordings. There are several challenges in designing and implementing lick detectors during head-fixed neurophysiological experiments in mice. First, mice are small, and licking behaviors are easily perturbed or biased by large sensors. Second, neural recordings during licking are highly sensitive to electrical contact artifacts. Third, submillisecond lick detection latencies are required to generate control signals that manipulate neural activity at appropriate time scales. Here we designed, characterized, and implemented a contactless dual-port device that precisely measures directional licking in head-fixed mice performing visual behavior. We first determined the optimal characteristics of our detector through design iteration and then quantified device performance under ideal conditions. We then tested performance during head-fixed mouse behavior with simultaneous neural recordings in vivo. We finally demonstrate our device’s ability to detect directional licks and generate appropriate control signals in real time to rapidly suppress licking behavior via closed-loop inhibition of neural activity. Our dual-port detector is cost effective and easily replicable, and it should enable a wide variety of applications probing the neural circuit basis of sensory perception, motor action, and learning in normal and transgenic mouse models. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mice readily learn tasks in which they respond to sensory cues by licking for liquid rewards; tasks that involve multiple licking responses allow study of neural circuits underlying decision making and sensory-motor integration. Here we design, characterize, and implement a novel dual-port lick detector that precisely measures directional licking in head-fixed mice performing visual behavior, enabling simultaneous neural recording and closed-loop manipulation of licking.

Bidirectional modulation of parathyroid hormone-responsive adenylyl cyclase by protein kinase C

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (6) ◽  
pp. E897-E904 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Kitten ◽  
T. K. Hymer ◽  
M. S. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Catalytic Subunit ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Bidirectional Modulation ◽  
Umr 106

The temporal pattern with which phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), modulates parathyroid hormone (PTH)-responsive adenylyl cyclase (AC) was evaluated in a clonal osteoblast-like cell line (UMR-106). Brief (< or = 1 h) exposure of UMR-106 cells to PMA enhanced PTH stimulation of AC, whereas more prolonged PMA treatment decreased the PTH response, with maximum inhibition occurring at < or = 6 h. PMA treatment also resulted in initial activation followed by downregulation of PKC. Exposure of cells to 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol, which activated but did not downregulate PKC, resulted in bidirectional modulation of PTH-responsive AC identical to that produced by PMA. Prolonged PMA exposure decreased PTH receptor number, as determined by radioligand binding studies, and reduced PTH receptor mRNA levels, assessed by Northern blot analysis. Forskolin activation of the catalytic subunit of AC was also decreased after prolonged PMA treatment. The results suggest that activation of PKC sequentially stimulates and then inhibits PTH responsiveness. Inhibition of the PTH response occurs by PKC actions exerted on the PTH receptor and the AC catalytic subunit.

scholarly journals The dialectic of Hebb and homeostasis

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1715) ◽  
pp. 20160258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina G. Turrigiano
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Homeostatic Control ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Hebbian Plasticity ◽  
Circuit Function ◽  
Hebbian Mechanisms

It has become widely accepted that homeostatic and Hebbian plasticity mechanisms work hand in glove to refine neural circuit function. Nonetheless, our understanding of how these fundamentally distinct forms of plasticity compliment (and under some circumstances interfere with) each other remains rudimentary. Here, I describe some of the recent progress of the field, as well as some of the deep puzzles that remain. These include unravelling the spatial and temporal scales of different homeostatic and Hebbian mechanisms, determining which aspects of network function are under homeostatic control, and understanding when and how homeostatic and Hebbian mechanisms must be segregated within neural circuits to prevent interference. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity’.

scholarly journals Neural architecture: from cells to circuits

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 854-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. V. Richards ◽  
Stephen D. Van Hooser
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Synaptic Interactions ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Circuit Function

Circuit operations are determined jointly by the properties of the circuit elements and the properties of the connections among these elements. In the nervous system, neurons exhibit diverse morphologies and branching patterns, allowing rich compartmentalization within individual cells and complex synaptic interactions among groups of cells. In this review, we summarize work detailing how neuronal morphology impacts neural circuit function. In particular, we consider example neurons in the retina, cerebral cortex, and the stomatogastric ganglion of crustaceans. We also explore molecular coregulators of morphology and circuit function to begin bridging the gap between molecular and systems approaches. By identifying motifs in different systems, we move closer to understanding the structure-function relationships that are present in neural circuits.

scholarly journals Chronic Social Defeat Stress Modulates Dendritic Spines Structural Plasticity in Adult Mouse Frontal Association Cortex

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Shu ◽  
Tonghui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Structural Plasticity ◽  
Social Defeat ◽  
Social Defeat Stress ◽  
Chronic Social Defeat Stress ◽  
Stress Experience ◽  
Spine Dynamics

Chronic stress is associated with occurrence of many mental disorders. Previous studies have shown that dendrites and spines of pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex undergo drastic reorganization following chronic stress experience. So the prefrontal cortex is believed to play a key role in response of neural system to chronic stress. However, how stress induces dynamic structural changes in neural circuit of prefrontal cortex remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of chronic social defeat stress on dendritic spine structural plasticity in the mouse frontal association (FrA) cortexin vivousing two-photon microscopy. We found that chronic stress altered spine dynamics in FrA and increased the connectivity in FrA neural circuits. We also found that the changes in spine dynamics in FrA are correlated with the deficit of sucrose preference in defeated mice. Our findings suggest that chronic stress experience leads to adaptive change in neural circuits that may be important for encoding stress experience related memory and anhedonia.

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