Comparison Analysis of MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are rapidly emerging as an interesting and challenging area of research in the field of communication engineering. This review work is different from other state-of-the-art literature as the MAC protocols discussed here are applicable both for homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. Performances like energy efficiency, cost optimization, throughput, bandwidth utilization, and scalability of the sensor network depend on MAC protocols, which are application-based. In the study, the authors have surveyed different MAC protocols with different merits and demerits. Based on the study, it is very hard to recommend any particular protocol as a standard for implementation as these are exclusively application dependent. The work can be further extended in terms of hybrid protocols, which may carry the advantages of the respective protocols along with energy-efficient criteria for practical implementation. Further cooperative WSN communication can be used for internet of things (IoT)-based systems, where the node placements and multi-operations concepts are of main concern.

Nano-Biosensors Tech and IPM in Plant Protection to Respond to Climate Change Challenges in Morocco

In this chapter, the authors introduce two research axes: Part A, nano-biosensors as ad-hoc technologies designed to meet plant diagnostic sensitivity and specificity needs at point of care, and Part B, the study of the interaction of drought and infection stresses in crops investigating bio-control potential antagonists in developing integrated approach (IPM) for disease control measures in crops system. The first part will be revising most used nano-biosensors in plant pathogens detection using different platforms in greenhouses, on-field, and during postharvest. A special focus will be on optical and voltametric immuno/DNA sensors application in plant protection. The last part will present case studies of using nanoparticles functionalized with antibody/DNA for detecting pathogenic Pseudomonas sp, mosaic viruses, Botrytis cinereal, and Fusarium mycotoxins (DON). The second part will be interpreting experimental results of a case study on evaluating bio-control efficacy of local Trichoderma spp. using root dips treatment in Fusarium solani-green beans pathosystem as a model.

Artificial Intelligence Based on Biological Neurons

The chapter describes the new approach in artificial intelligence based on simulated biological neurons and creation of the neural circuits for the sphere of IoT which represent the next generation of artificial intelligence and IoT. Unlike existing technical devices for implementing a neuron based on classical nodes oriented to binary processing, the proposed path is based on simulation of biological neurons, creation of biologically close neural circuits where every device will implement the function of either a sensor or a “muscle” in the frame of the home-based live AI and IoT. The research demonstrates the developed nervous circuit constructor and its usage in building of the AI (neural circuit) for IoT.

Hybrid Genetic Approach for Solving Fuzzy Graph Coloring Problem

A hybrid genetic approach (HGA) is proposed to solve the fuzzy graph coloring problem. The proposed approach integrates a number of new features, such as an adapted greedy sequential algorithm, which is integrated in genetic algorithm to increase the quality of chromosomes and improve the rate of convergence toward the chromatic number. Moreover, an upper bound is used to generate the initial population in order to reduce the search space. Experiments on a set of five well-known DIMACS benchmark instances show that the proposed approach achieves competitive results and succeeds in finding the global optimal solution rapidly for complex fuzzy graph.

A Review on FPGA-Based Digital Filters for De-Noising ECG Signal

This chapter gives an overview of synthesis and analysis of digital filters on FPGA for denoising ECG signal, which provides clinical information related to heart diseases. Various types of IIR and FIR filtration techniques used for noise removal are also discussed. Many developments in the medical system technology gave birth to monitoring systems based on programmable logic devices (PLDs). Although not new to the realm of programmable devices, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are becoming increasingly popular for rapid prototyping of designs with the aid of software simulation and synthesis. They are reprogrammable silicon chips, configured to implement customized hardware and are highly desirable for implementation of digital filters. The extensive literature review of various types of noise in ECG signals, filtering techniques for noise removal, and FPGA implementation are presented in this chapter.

Comprehensive Ontological Model for Senior Wellness Activity Recognition in Smart Homes

There are several works in the field of smart homes for healthcare, with different types of sensors used to monitor medical, behavioral and environmental parameters for patients. In the context of smart home for the elderly, the use of sensors needs to be adapted to respect the privacy of elders and to work passively without the need for caregiver assistance. Most research in this area focused on activity recognition (e.g. eating, sleeping, watching TV, etc.) which may be defined as the identification of a sequence of actions (e.g. using microwave, lying down, etc.). In this chapter, we propose a comprehensive ontological model for well-being activity recognition in smart home. Our approach takes into account different aspects of the well-being context such as patient profile, object being used to perform the activity, the time of running the activity, its location, etc. In order to validate the proposed ontology and reason on it, we perform a set of queries and inference rules.

Reinstate Authentication of Nodes in Sensor Network

Transmitting data using the wireless medium provides a greater opportunity for the adversary to introduce different kinds of attacks into the network. Securing these monitoring devices deployed in unattended environments is a challenging task for the investigator. One of the preliminary practices adopted to ensure security is authentication. The chapter uses a new authentication procedure to evaluate the nodes. It uses sensors of a different caliber. Static and mobile nodes are used to bring the thought into play. The mobile nodes in the network demand vigorous defense mechanisms. The chapter defines a new authentication algorithm engaging itself to validate the communicating parties. The work is devised to substitute new nodes into the cluster to foster prolonged working of the network. By adopting the proposed protocol, backward and forward secrecy is preserved in the network. The work assures the security of the nodes by minimizing forge and replay attacks.

IOT Technology, Applications, and Challenges

The world we in is virtually becoming smaller since living and nonliving things are connected to the internet. Internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interconnected things, each with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to exchange data without the need of human intervention. The rapid growth of IoT is considered the next wave for enhancing services in almost all sectors of life, at low cost and time. This chapter presents IoT in a broader context, in terms of its growth, IoT operating systems, architecture, and future trends of IoT. The major contribution is detailed information of umpteen IoT applications. The various benefits of IoT, matter of concerns with respect to IoT, scope of research work are also discussed. The integration of various technologies is the main enabling factor of IoT, yielding more benefits to society as a whole. Also, supports in understanding implementation technologies and the major applications of their domain where IoT plays a vital role and future problems for next 20 years are also explicated.

Sliding Mode Control for PV Grid-Connected System With Energy Storage

We need to solve the problem due to the nonlinearity and power fluctuation in the photovoltaic (PV) connected storage system and grid; for that, the authors develop an algorithm to obtain the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) via control of the duty cycle of DC/DC boost converter. Consequently, they design an MPPT based on the second-order sliding mode control. Next, generating the law control founded on the Lyapunov theory can augment the robustness and stability of the PV connected grid. Then, they add a battery energy storage system (BESS) with a control management algorithm in the DC/DC side to eliminate any fluctuation of the output power of the PV system because of the temperature and irradiation variation. On the grid side, they control the DC/AC inverter side by the three-phase voltage source inverter control (VSIC) as a charge controller for the grid parameters.