scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Heterogeneity by Ethnicity in Los Angeles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lao-Tzu Allan-Blitz ◽  
Fred Hertlein ◽  
Jeffrey D. Klausner
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Media ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Recent studies have identified notable disparities in SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among ethnic minorities. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 test results from individuals presenting for testing in Los Angeles between June-December, 2020. We calculated prevalence ratios for various employment categories. Among 518,914 test results, of which 295,295 (56.9%) were from individuals reporting Hispanic ethnicity, SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 16.5% among Hispanic individuals compared to 5.0% among non-Hispanic individuals (p-value<0.01). The prevalence ratios comparing Hispanic and non-Hispanic individuals was highest for members of the media (PR=6.7; 95% CI 4.3-10.4), government employees (PR=4.0; 95% CI 3.3-4.9), and agricultural workers (PR=4.0; 95% CI 3.2-5.0). Such heterogeneity warrants further investigation in order to develop targeted public health interventions towards specific drivers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Media advocacy for policy influence

2020 ◽  
pp. 340-347
Author(s):  
Simon Chapman ◽  
Becky Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Media Advocacy ◽  
Effective Media ◽  
Health Initiatives ◽  
The Media ◽  
Public Health Initiatives

Many public health interventions are controversial or potentially controversial. The way the media handle such issues can strongly influence public and policy-maker attitudes towards them, and effective media advocacy can be a powerful way of taking forward public health initiatives. After reading this chapter, you should have a better understanding of: how the media deal with public health issues; how the framing of an issue influences whether and how it leads to changes in policy; what you can do when a public health issue is framed in an adverse or harmful way.

scholarly journals Public Health Policies and Global COVID-19 Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Komaroff ◽  
A A Belhouchet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
P Value ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Background Was the world prepared to face the pandemic with a standard strategy? Objectives To evaluate the association between public health interventions against the COVID-19 outbreak and the outcome. Methods The observational study included data on incidence of confirmed COVID-19 cases (outcome) and public health non-pharmaceutical interventions (exposure) from five countries: France, Italy, Japan, South Korea, and the USA, December 31, 2019 through April 12, 2020. The public health measures were grouped into five categories: lockdown, movement restrictions, public health measures, social (including social distancing) and economic measures, and use of facial mask. The multiple linear regressions were utilized to test the hypothesis that implementation of some public health measures was associated with the change in the incident number of COVID-19 cases, 2-sided, α = 0.05. Results The incidence of COVID-19 would be significantly greater without lockdown (1.89 times, p-value &lt;.0001), public health and economic measures (25.17, p-value &lt;.0001), and using masks (11.93, p-value=0.002), assuming that all other public health policies are the same. The effectiveness increases with earlier time of implementation. Among considered countries, South Korea was the most efficacious, where all measures were statistically significantly efficacious (p-value &lt;0.05). Conclusions The findings demonstrate an association between public health measures and the outcome. The experience from South Korea should be studied further as the most effective non-pharmacological approach to fight the disease. This paper is the first step to develop the standardized approach utilizing the public health interventions to be applied effectively to the globe population. Key messages the most effective measures to control the COVID-19, and future outbreaks. The effect of particular measure varied by country and time of implementation.

scholarly journals Individual differences in emotional intelligence skills of people with visual impairment and loneliness amid the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 026461962110138
Author(s):  
Hyung Nam Kim ◽  
Sam Jotham Sutharson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Mood Scale

In response to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, public health interventions such as social distancing and stay-at-home orders have widely been implemented, which is anticipated to contribute to reducing the spread of COVID-19. On the contrary, there is a concern that the public health interventions may increase the level of loneliness. Loneliness and social isolation are public health risks, closely associated with serious medical conditions. As COVID-19 is new to us today, little is known about emotional well-being among people with visual impairment during the COVID-19 pandemic. To address the knowledge gap, this study conducted phone interviews with a convenience sample of 31 people with visual impairment. The interview incorporated the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (version 3) and the trait meta-mood scale (TMMS) to measure loneliness and emotional intelligence skills, respectively. This study found that people with visual impairment were vulnerable to the feeling of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic and showed individual differences in emotional intelligence skills by different degrees of loneliness. Researchers and health professionals should consider offering adequate coping strategies to those with visual impairment amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals “Infectious Supercarelessness” in Discussing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil S. Greenspan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
The Media

Many bacterial pathogens are exhibiting resistance to increasing numbers of antibiotics making it much more challenging to treat the infections caused by these microbes. In many reports in the media and perhaps even in discussions among physicians and biomedical scientists, these bacteria are frequently referred to as “bugs” with the prefix “super” appended. This terminology has a high potential to elicit unjustified inferences and fails to highlight the broader evolutionary context. Understanding the full range of biological and evolutionary factors that influence the spread and outcomes of infections is critical to formulating effective individual therapies and public health interventions. Therefore, more accurate terminology should be used to refer these multidrug-resistant bacteria. 

Rapid Public Health Interventions in Response to an Outbreak of Syphilis in Los Angeles

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES L. CHEN ◽  
DULMINI KODAGODA ◽  
A. MICHAEL LAWRENCE ◽  
PETER R. KERNDT
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions

scholarly journals An analysis of COVID-19 clusters in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Sengupta ◽  
Bhaswati Ganguli ◽  
Sugata SenRoy ◽  
Aditya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Homogeneous Groups

Abstract Background In this study we cluster the districts of India in terms of the spread of COVID-19 and related variables such as population density and the number of specialty hospitals. Simulation using a compartment model is used to provide insight into differences in response to public health interventions. Two case studies of interest from Nizamuddin and Dharavi provide contrasting pictures of the success in curbing spread. Methods A cluster analysis of the worst affected districts in India provides insight about the similarities between them. The effects of public health interventions in flattening the curve in their respective states is studied using the individual contact SEIQHRF model, a stochastic individual compartment model which simulates disease prevalence in the susceptible, infected, recovered and fatal compartments. Results The clustering of hotspot districts provide homogeneous groups that can be discriminated in terms of number of cases and related covariates. The cluster analysis reveal that the distribution of number of COVID-19 hospitals in the districts does not correlate with the distribution of confirmed COVID-19 cases. From the SEIQHRF model for Nizamuddin we observe in the second phase the number of infected individuals had seen a multitudinous increase in the states where Nizamuddin attendees returned, increasing the risk of the disease spread. However, the simulations reveal that implementing administrative interventions, flatten the curve. In Dharavi, through tracing, tracking, testing and treating, massive breakout of COVID-19 was brought under control. Conclusions The cluster analysis performed on the districts reveal homogeneous groups of districts that can be ranked based on the burden placed on the healthcare system in terms of number of confirmed cases, population density and number of hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 treatment. The study rounds up with two important case studies on Nizamuddin basti and Dharavi to illustrate the growth curve of COVID-19 in two very densely populated regions in India. In the case of Nizamuddin, the study showed that there was a manifold increase in the risk of infection. In contrast it is seen that there was a rapid decline in the number of cases in Dharavi within a span of about one month.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document