scholarly journals Transcranial theta-burst stimulation of primary sensory cortex attenuates somatosensory threat memory in humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karita E Ojala ◽  
Matthias Staib ◽  
Samuel Gerster ◽  
Christian C Ruff ◽  
Dominik R Bach
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Primary Sensory Cortex ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Theta Burst ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sensory cortices are required for learning to discriminate complex stimuli that predict threat from those that predict safety in rodents. Yet, sensory cortices may not be needed to learn threat associations to simple stimuli. It is unknown whether these findings apply in humans. Here, we investigated the role of primary sensory cortex in discriminative threat conditioning with simple and complex somatosensory conditioned stimuli (CS) in healthy humans. Immediately before conditioning, participants received continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) to primary somatosensory cortex either in the CS-contralateral or CS-ipsilateral hemisphere. After overnight consolidation, threat memory was attenuated in the contralateral compared to the ipsilateral group, as indicated by reduced startle eye-blink potentiation. There was no evidence for a difference between simple and complex stimuli, or that CS identification or conditioning was affected, suggesting a stronger effect of cTBS on consolidation than on initial stimulus processing. We propose that non-invasive stimulation of sensory cortex may provide a new avenue for interfering with threat memories in humans.

Time-dependent Changes in Prostaglandin Excretion in Response to Frusemide in Man

1979 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Scherer ◽  
P. C. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Haemodynamic Effects ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Urinary Potassium ◽  
The One ◽  
Vascular Compartment ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. To evaluate in man by a non-invasive technique the possible role of prostaglandin (PG) compounds in initial renal haemodynamic effects after frusemide we studied the urinary excretion of PGE2 and of PGF2α before and at 15 min and 120 min after intravenous injection of this drug. 2. An increase of PGE2 and of PGF2α excretion was found in all 19 volunteer subjects within 15 min after frusemide, and PG excretion had returned towards control values at 120 min. The stimulation of PGF2α excretion by frusemide was markedly lower in men than in women, but this difference was statistically not significant. 3. No clear-cut relation was found between urinary PG compounds, on the one hand, and urinary volume, urinary sodium and urinary potassium, on the other hand, during the study. 4. The results support the assumption that the rapid increase of urinary PG compounds after frusemide, which parallels the changes in renal haemodynamics, may be an indicator of an activation of the PG system, in part or predominantly, in the vascular compartment.

scholarly journals Infragranular barrel cortex activity is enhanced with learning

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 1278-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah L. Ward ◽  
Luke C. Flores ◽  
John F. Disterhoft
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Extracellular Recordings ◽  
Primary Sensory Cortex ◽  
Whisker Stimulation ◽  
Trace Eyeblink Conditioning

The barrel cortex (BC) is essential for the acquisition of whisker-signaled trace eyeblink conditioning and shows learning-related expansion of the trained barrels after the acquisition of a whisker-signaled task. Most previous research examining the role of the BC in learning has focused on anatomic changes in the layer IV representation of the cortical barrels. We studied single-unit extracellular recordings from individual neurons in layers V and VI of the BC as rabbits acquired the whisker-signaled trace eyeblink conditioning task. Neurons in layers V and VI in both conditioned and pseudoconditioned animals robustly responded to whisker stimulation, but neurons in conditioned animals showed a significant enhancement in responsiveness in concert with learning. Learning-related changes in firing rate occurred as early as the day of learning criterion within the infragranular layers of the primary sensory cortex.

scholarly journals Associative learning changes cross-modal representations in the gustatory cortex

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Vincis ◽  
Alfredo Fontanini
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Gustatory Cortex ◽  
Primary Sensory Cortex ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Single Modality

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that primary sensory cortices are not exclusively unimodal, but can respond to stimuli of different sensory modalities. However, several questions concerning the neural representation of cross-modal stimuli remain open. Indeed, it is poorly understood if cross-modal stimuli evoke unique or overlapping representations in a primary sensory cortex and whether learning can modulate these representations. Here we recorded single unit responses to auditory, visual, somatosensory, and olfactory stimuli in the gustatory cortex (GC) of alert rats before and after associative learning. We found that, in untrained rats, the majority of GC neurons were modulated by a single modality. Upon learning, both prevalence of cross-modal responsive neurons and their breadth of tuning increased, leading to a greater overlap of representations. Altogether, our results show that the gustatory cortex represents cross-modal stimuli according to their sensory identity, and that learning changes the overlap of cross-modal representations.

Role of Primary Sensory Cortex in Generalized Electrocortical Activation

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Beller ◽  
Gidon F. Gestring ◽  
Dominick P. Purpura
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Afferent Activity ◽  
Primary Sensory Cortex ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Somatic Sensory Cortex ◽  
Bilateral Destruction

Experiments were performed on intact unanesthetized-succinylcholine paralyzed cats in order to compare the effects of ablations of primary cortical regions on the ability to evoke generalized activation to specific sensory stimulation with those obtained by Bremer on encéphale isolé preparations. Bilateral destruction of the auditory or somatic sensory cortex in intact preparations does not block generalized activation to auditory or sciatic stimulation. It is concluded that in the presence of spinal afferent activity as exists in the intact preparation corticifugal influences arising in either the auditory or somatic sensory cortex are not necessary for the activation process that follows auditory or sciatic stimulation.

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary sensory cortex on somatosensory perception

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Grundmann ◽  
Roman Rolke ◽  
Michael A. Nitsche ◽  
Goran Pavlakovic ◽  
Svenja Happe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Primary Sensory Cortex ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Targeted stimulation of an orbitofrontal network disrupts decisions based on inferred, not experienced outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
James D. Howard ◽  
Joel L. Voss ◽  
Geoffrey Schoenbaum ◽  
Thorsten Kahnt
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Model Free Control ◽  
Theta Burst ◽  
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation

ABSTRACTWhen direct experience is unavailable, animals and humans can imagine or infer the future to guide decisions. Behavior based on direct experience versus inference may recruit distinct but overlapping brain circuits. In rodents, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) contains neural signatures of inferred outcomes, and OFC is necessary for behavior that requires inference but not for responding driven by direct experience. In humans, OFC activity is also correlated with inferred outcomes, but it is unclear whether OFC activity is required for inference-based behavior. To test this, we used non-invasive network-based continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to target lateral OFC networks in the context of a sensory preconditioning task that was designed to isolate inference-based behavior from responding that can be based on direct experience alone. We show that relative to sham, cTBS targeting this network impairs reward-related behavior in conditions in which outcome expectations have to be mentally inferred. In contrast, OFC-targeted stimulation does not impair behavior that can be based on previously experienced stimulus-outcome associations. These findings suggest that activity in the targeted OFC network supports decision making when outcomes have to be mentally simulated, providing converging cross-species evidence for a critical role of OFC in model-based but not model-free control of behavior.

Inhibitory Theta Burst Stimulation Highlights the Role of Left aIPS and Right TPJ during Complementary and Imitative Human–Avatar Interactions in Cooperative and Competitive Scenarios

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1677-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Era ◽  
Salvatore Maria Aglioti ◽  
Matteo Candidi
Keyword(s):  
Theta Burst Stimulation ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reach And Grasp ◽  
Action Imitation ◽  
Complementary Interactions ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Theta Burst ◽  
Goal Coding

Abstract Competitive and cooperative interactions are based on anticipation or synchronization with the partner’s actions. Both forms of interaction may either require performing imitative or complementary movements with respect to those performed by our partner. We explored how parietal regions involved in the control of imitative behavior (temporo-parietal junction, TPJ), goal coding and visuo-motor integration (anterior intraparietal sulcus, aIPS) contribute to the execution of imitative and complementary movements during cooperative and competitive interactions. To this aim, we delivered off-line non-invasive inhibitory brain stimulation to healthy individuals’ left aIPS and right TPJ before they were asked to reach and grasp an object together with a virtual partner by either performing imitative or complementary interactions. In different blocks, participants were asked to compete or cooperate with the virtual partner that varied its behavior according to cooperative or competitive contexts. Left aIPS and right TPJ inhibition impaired individuals’ performance (i.e., synchrony in cooperative task and anticipation in competition) during complementary and imitative interactions, respectively, in both cooperative and competitive contexts, indicating that aIPS and TPJ inhibition affects own-other action integration and action imitation (that are different in complementary vs imitative interactions) more than action synchronization or anticipation (that are different in cooperative vs competitive contexts).

scholarly journals Temporal prediction elicits rhythmic pre-activation of relevant sensory cortices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Catheryne Barne ◽  
Andre Mascioli Cravo ◽  
Floris P. de Lange ◽  
Eelke Spaak
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Sensory Discrimination ◽  
Temporal Prediction ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Stimulus Features

Being able to anticipate events before they happen facilitates stimulus processing. The anticipation of the contents of events is thought to be implemented by the elicitation of prestimulus templates in sensory cortex. In contrast, the anticipation of the timing of events is typically associated with entrainment of neural oscillations. It is so far unknown whether and in which conditions temporal expectations interact with feature-based expectations, and, consequently, whether entrainment modulates the generation of content-specific sensory templates. In this study, we investigated the role of temporal expectations in a sensory discrimination task. We presented participants with rhythmically interleaved visual and auditory streams of relevant and irrelevant stimuli while measuring neural activity using magnetoencephalography. We found no evidence that rhythmic stimulation induced prestimulus feature templates. However, we did observe clear anticipatory rhythmic pre-activation of the relevant sensory cortices. This oscillatory activity peaked at behaviourally relevant, in-phase, intervals. Our results suggest that temporal expectations about stimulus features do not behave similarly to explicitly cued, non-rhythmic, expectations; yet elicit a distinct form of modality-specific pre-activation.

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