scholarly journals Twisting to freedom: The evolution of copulation termination techniques across 48 species of sepsids (Diptera, Sepsidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindy Jia Min Tuan ◽  
Diego Pitta Araujo ◽  
Nalini Puniamoorthy ◽  
Jeremy M Woodford ◽  
Rudolf Meier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Variable Separation ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
A New Technique

Studies of insect mating behaviour usually focus on what happens before and during copulation. Few pay close attention to the actions needed to end copulation. However, genital separation after copulation is likely to be an important cause of mechanical stress and injuries because it often involves the withdrawal of heavily armoured male intromittent organs from membranous female reproductive tracts. Difficult and/or slow separations can also reduce male and female fitness by increasing their exposure to predation. We here report the results of a comparative study of separation behaviour in 48 species of Sepsidae (Diptera) and one outgroup. We find a surprising amount of qualitative and quantitative behavioural variability within and between species. We characterize and reconstruct three types of behaviours: 1) The sepsid ancestor likely used `back-off; a gentle separation technique that does not involve any pulling or twisting (https://youtu.be/EbkJvOaubZ0). 2) This potentially gave rise to the most common `pull' technique where the male turns 180 degrees and pulls in an opposite direction from the female (https://youtu.be/oLf4xGpkk1s). This separation can be quick and straightforward, but in some species the `pull' is slow and protracted and we routinely find dead males and/or females attached to their living partners in the latter (difficult: https://youtu.be/MbYPbXN6jr0; failure: https://youtu.be/leTiXefFzCc). 3) Finally, several species use `twist', a new technique where the male rotates >360 degrees from the initial mounting position (https://youtu.be/WMUXbIPyLbk). We document that species capable of using `twist' have shorter and less variable separation times than those using "pull". However, many species capable of `twist' also retain the ability to use `pull' (`back-off'/'pull'= 8%; `pull' only= 41%; `twist'/ `pull'= 24%; `twist' only = 27%). Overall, our study suggests that separation behaviour can vary among closely related species and highlights the significance of studying variable behavioural traits in a phylogenetic context.

Morphological reassessment and new locality records for Galea comes Thomas, 1919 (Rodentia, Caviidae)

Mammalia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-609
Author(s):  
Pablo Teta ◽  
María Carolina Madozzo-Jaén ◽  
Alexandra M.R. Bezerra ◽  
Pablo E. Ortiz ◽  
Sergio O. Lucero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
Emended Diagnosis

Abstract The genus Galea Meyen, 1833 includes at least five species of terrestrial, diurnal and herbivorous cavies that occupy grasslands and rocky scrub areas at both high and low elevations in South America. According to the available molecular and morphological data, Galea comes Thomas, 1919 is restricted to highland areas above 2000 m in southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. Its distributional range as well as its morphological distinctiveness from other closely related species (Galea leucoblephara and Galea musteloides) is poorly documented. Using both qualitative and quantitative morphological traits, we provided an emended diagnosis for G. comes. In addition, we added six new locality records to its known distribution.

scholarly journals Description of the puparium and adult genitalia of Dactylodeictes brevifacies James, 1974 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. e20206028
Author(s):  
Lara Duarte Piau Braga ◽  
Welinton Ribamar Lopes ◽  
José Roberto Pujol-Luz
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Related Species ◽  
New Record ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Ventral View ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation

The puparium of Dactylodeictes brevifacies was described based on fifty-eight specimens reared in laboratory until the emergence of adults. Larvae were collected under the bark of fallen trees in a Cerrado vegetation, Gallery forest; Palm swamp (Vereda) and open grassland (Campo Limpo) in States of Goiás and Tocantins, Brazil (New Record). The puparium was compared with that of Brachyodina lopesi, the most closely related species with a described puparium. Despite this species clearly shared the larval pachygastrinae features it has a remarkable character not know before for this subfamily: the presence of four pairs of ventral setae (V) in the eighth abdominal segment in ventral view, while in other larvae and puparia of this subfamily, there are five pairs of ventral setae. The adult male and female were described and figured.

Description and bioacoustics of a new species of the genus Isophya (Orthoptera: Tetigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from Turkey

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3361 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
HASAN SEVGİLİ ◽  
ALİ DEMİRSOY ◽  
BATTAL ÇIPLAK
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Male Calling ◽  
A New Species

A new species for the genus Isophya, I. bumerangoides, is described from the Northeastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Thenew species differs from closely related species in some aspects of morphology, mainly in male and female genitalia. Illustra-tions of external morphological characters and male and female songs are provided. Additional data on male calling song andfemale song of closely related bush-cricket Isophya rizeensis Sevgili, 2003 are also given. Scanning Electron Microscopeimages of stridulatory file of the other related species I. redtenbacheri Adelung, 1907 are provided. I. bumerangoides clearlybelongs to I. amplipennis group. Our bioacoustic results suggest that within the genus Isophya, changes in calling song seem to appear more slowly than those in external morphological characters as in most tettigoniid.

Report on Encyrtidae associated with Mealybugs on Cacao in Trinidad, and on some other Species related thereto

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Kerrich
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Biological Importance

The taxonomy of a complex of parasites associated with mealy-bugs on cacao in Trinidad is dealt with. The descriptions of nine species new to science are given and species not new have been treated in comparable detail. Fresh taxonomic or other data have been given for some related species.The inclusion of an aberrant Thysanid species of biological importance necessitated a comparative study of characters that have been used within this group. In this connection, Thysanid parasites of Tachinidae attacking moth larvae in sugar-cane were considered and found separable into three closely related species, two of which are described as new.

A comparative study of the immature stages of closely related species Cassida pfefferi Sekerka, 2006, Cassida nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 and Cassida vittata Villers, 1789 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Cassidini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4942 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-500
Author(s):  
JOLANTA ŚWIĘTOJAŃSKA ◽  
EWA BELCZYK
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Preimaginal Stages ◽  
First Time

Immature stages of Cassida pfefferi Sekerka, 2006 from Cyprus are described and illustrated for the first time and compared with immatures of closely related species Cassida nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 and Cassida vittata Villers, 1789. Detailed descriptions of mature larvae and pupae of C. nobilis and C. vittata are also given. Analysis of the morphological body structure of the preimaginal stages of the studied species reveals subtle characters distinguishing C. pfefferi from other species of C. nobilis groups and confirms its species status. 

scholarly journals A review of the Schinia tertia (Grote) species complex (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 473 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL G. POGUE ◽  
CHARLES E. HARP
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
First Time ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Larval Host Plants

Four closely related species of Schinia are diagnosed using characters of maculation, genitalia, larval host plants, and distribution. The revised status of both Schinia albafascia Smith and Schinia brunnea Barnes and McDunnough are based on differences in wing maculation and male and female genitalic structures. The revised synonymy of Schinia megarena Smith with Schinia tertia (Grote) is discussed. Male and female genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time for all species.

Taxonomy and natural history of 18 Ropalidia species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Madagascar

2012 ◽  
Vol 155 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 133-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo H.M. Blommers
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
History Of ◽  
Field Notes

Eighteen species of Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831 of Madagascar are treated, viz. those of which females and males were found together on one or more nests in the 1970s. The main purpose is to define the species by male and female characters since the latter alone are insufficient to distinguish closely related species. Ten new species are described: R. cocoscola, R. cauponae, R. merina, R. mysterica, R. favulorum, R. kojimai, R. rosae, R. cincinnata, R. perplexa and R. linearecta. R. flavoviridis Kojima, 1998 is a valid species, not a synonym of R. dubia (de Saussure, 1853). Seven species are redescribed with emphasis on male characters: R. shestakowi (von Schulthess, 1931), R. grandidieri (de Saussure, 1890), R. variabilis (de Saussure, 1890), R. phalansterica (de Saussure, 1853), R. carinata (de Saussure, 1890), R. dubia (de Saussure, 1853) and R. fraterna (de Saussure, 1900). Field notes on shape and location of nests are summarized and numbers of foundresses and subdominant females, as far as determined by dissection, reported. Various eulophid and tachinid parasitoids emerged from the nests; an attack by the ichneumonid Hemipimpla pulchripennis (de Saussure, 1890) is described.

On Trioza viridula (Zett.) and Two Related Species Breeding on Cirsium1 (Hem., Psylloidea)

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frej Ossiannilsson
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Larval Instars

AbstractIn his revision of the Psyllids of Zetterstedt (Ossiannilsson, I942), the author identified Chermes viridulus Zett. with Trioza cirsii Löw. By a study of preimaginal characters this is now found to be wrong and it is stated that Trioza viridula (Zett.) and Trioza cirsii Löw are distinct though closely related species. Details of their male and female genitalia and the microsculpture of the under side of their fore wings are reproduced for comparison. Figures of the larval instars of viridula and cirsii and the related agrophila Löw showing their chaetotaxy are also given. A key for the separation of these larvae and some data on the biology and distribution of these species in Sweden terminate the present paper.

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