scholarly journals Identification of Subpallial Neuronal Populations Across Zebrafish Larval Stages that Express Molecular Markers for the Striatum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernie Aguda ◽  
Helen Chasiotis ◽  
Indira Riadi ◽  
Tod Rogers Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Anterior Commissure ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Precursor Peptide

Striatal neurons within the basal ganglia play a central role in vertebrate action selection; however, their location in larval zebrafish is not well defined. We assayed for conserved striatal markers in the zebrafish subpallium using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry. Whole mount FISH revealed an inhibitory neuronal cluster rostral to the anterior commissure that expresses tac1, the gene that encodes the precursor peptide for substance P. This molecular profile is shared by mammalian striatal direct pathway neurons. A second partially overlapping population of inhibitory neurons was identified that expresses penka, the gene that encodes the precursor peptide for enkephalin. This molecular profile is shared by striatal indirect pathway neurons. Immunostaining for substance P and enkephalin confirmed the presence of these peptides in the subpallium as well as the presence of dopaminergic innervation. The tac1 and penka populations were both found to increase linearly across larval stages. Together, these findings support the existence of a striatal homologue in larval zebrafish that grows to match the development and increasing behavioural complexity of the organism.

scholarly journals Striatal Control of Movement: A Role for New Neuronal (Sub-) Populations?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Fieblinger
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Transcriptional Profiles ◽  
Transcriptional Signature ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Abnormal Movements ◽  
Two Populations

The striatum is a very heterogenous brain area, composed of different domains and compartments, albeit lacking visible anatomical demarcations. Two populations of striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) build the so-called direct and indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, whose coordinated activity is essential to control locomotion. Dysfunction of striatal SPNs is part of many movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In this mini review article, I will highlight recent studies utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptional profiles of striatal neurons. These studies discover that SPNs carry a transcriptional signature, indicating both their anatomical location and compartmental identity. Furthermore, the transcriptional profiles reveal the existence of additional distinct neuronal populations and previously unknown SPN sub-populations. In a parallel development, studies in rodent models of PD and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) report that direct pathway SPNs do not react uniformly to L-DOPA therapy, and that only a subset of these neurons is underlying the development of abnormal movements. Together, these studies demonstrate a new level of cellular complexity for striatal (dys-) function and locomotor control.

scholarly journals Functional Diversity of Glycinergic Commissural Inhibitory Neurons in Larval Zebrafish

Cell Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 3036-3050.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chie Satou ◽  
Takumi Sugioka ◽  
Yuto Uemura ◽  
Takashi Shimazaki ◽  
Pawel Zmarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Larval Zebrafish

scholarly journals Distinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexxai V Kravitz ◽  
Lynne D Tye ◽  
Anatol C Kreitzer
Keyword(s):  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Indirect Pathway

scholarly journals Responses of Neurons in the Insular Cortex to Gustatory, Visceral, and Nociceptive Stimuli in Rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 2535-2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamitsu Hanamori ◽  
Takato Kunitake ◽  
Kazuo Kato ◽  
Hiroshi Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Anterior Commissure ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Inhibitory Response ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Excitatory Response ◽  
Tail Pinch ◽  
Posterior Tongue ◽  
Stimulation Of

Hanamori, Takamitsu, Takato Kunitake, Kazuo Kato, and Hiroshi Kannan. Responses of neurons in the insular cortex to gustatory, visceral, and nociceptive stimuli in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2535–2545, 1998. Extracellular unit responses to baroreceptor and chemoreceptor stimulation, gustatory stimulation of the posterior tongue, electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal (SL) nerve, and tail pinch were recorded from the insular cortex of anesthetized and paralyzed rats. Forty-three neurons identified responded to stimulation by at least one of the stimuli used in the present study. Of the 43 neurons, 33 responded to tail pinch, and the remaining 10 had no response; 18 showed an excitatory response, and 15 showed an inhibitory response. Of the 43 neurons, 35 responded to electrical stimulation of the SL nerve; 27 showed an excitatory response, and 8 showed an inhibitory response. Of the 20 neurons that responded to baroreceptor stimulation by an intravenous injection of methoxamine hydrochloride (Mex), 11 were excitatory and 9 were inhibitory. Twenty-seven neurons were responsive to an intravenous injection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP); 10 were excitatory and 17 were inhibitory. Ten neurons were excited and 16 neurons were inhibited by arterial chemoreceptor stimulation by an intravenous injection of sodium cyanide (NaCN). Twenty-six neurons were responsive to at least one of the gustatory stimuli (1.0 M NaCl, 30 mM HCl, 30 mM quinine HCl, and 1.0 M sucrose): four to six excitatory neurons and three to nine inhibitory neurons for each stimulus. A large number of the neurons (42/43) received convergent inputs from more than one stimulus among the nine stimuli used in the present study. Most neurons (38/43) were responsive to two or more stimulus groups when the natural stimuli used in the present study are grouped into three, gustatory, visceral, and nociceptive stimuli. The neurons recorded were located in the insular cortex between 2.8 mm anterior and 1.1 mm posterior to the anterior edge of the joining of the anterior commissure (AC); the mean location was 1.0 mm ( n = 43) anterior to the AC. This indicates that most of the neurons identified in the present study were located in the region posterior to the taste area and anterior to the visceral area in the insular cortex. These results indicate that the insular cortex neurons distributing between the taste area and the visceral area receive convergent inputs from baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, gustatory, and nociceptive organs and may have roles in taste aversion or in regulation of visceral responses.

Neural Activity in Primate Caudate Nucleus Associated With Pro- and Antisaccades

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 2334-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Ford ◽  
Stefan Everling
Keyword(s):  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Behavioral Context ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Input Structure ◽  
Flexible Behavior ◽  
Two Populations

The basal ganglia (BG) play a central role in movement and it has been demonstrated that the discharge rate of neurons in these structures are modulated by the behavioral context of a given task. Here we used the antisaccade task, in which a saccade toward a flashed visual stimulus must be inhibited in favor of a saccade to the opposite location, to investigate the role of the caudate nucleus, a major input structure of the BG, in flexible behavior. In this study, we recorded extracellular neuronal activity while monkeys performed pro- and antisaccade trials. We identified two populations of neurons: those that preferred contralateral saccades (CSNs) and those that preferred ipsilateral saccades (ISNs). CSNs increased their firing rates for prosaccades, but not for antisaccades, and ISNs increased their firing rates for antisaccades, but not for prosaccades. We propose a model in which CSNs project to the direct BG pathway, facilitating saccades, and ISNs project to the indirect pathway, suppressing saccades. This model suggests one possible mechanism by which these neuronal populations could be modulating activity in the superior colliculus.

scholarly journals Key Modulatory Role of Presynaptic Adenosine A2AReceptors in Cortical Neurotransmission to the Striatal Direct Pathway

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1321-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Quiroz ◽  
Rafael Luján ◽  
Motokazu Uchigashima ◽  
Ana Patrícia Simoes ◽  
Talia N. Lerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Receptor Function ◽  
Striatal Neurons ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Direct Pathway ◽  
Selective Modulation ◽  
Efferent Pathways

Basal ganglia processing results from a balanced activation of direct and indirect striatal efferent pathways, which are controlled by dopamine D1and D2receptors, respectively. Adenosine A2Areceptors are considered novel antiparkinsonian targets, based on their selective postsynaptic localization in the indirect pathway, where they modulate D2receptor function. The present study provides evidence for the existence of an additional, functionally significant, segregation of A2Areceptors at the presynaptic level. Using integrated anatomical, electrophysiological, and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that presynaptic A2Areceptors are preferentially localized in cortical glutamatergic terminals that contact striatal neurons of the direct pathway, where they exert a selective modulation of corticostriatal neurotransmission. Presynaptic striatal A2Areceptors could provide a new target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Differences in the neurochemical characteristics of the cortex and striatum of mice with cerebral malaria

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. CLARK ◽  
R. S. PHILLIPS ◽  
R. B. McMILLAN ◽  
I. O. MONTGOMERY ◽  
T. W. STONE
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Local Manifestation ◽  
Microvasculature Damage ◽  
Brain Parenchymal ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

Fatal murine cerebral malaria is an encephalitis and not simply a local manifestation in the brain of a systemic process. Histopathologically, murine cerebral malaria has been characterized by monocyte adherence to the endothelium of the microvasculature, activation of microglial cells, swelling of endothelial cell nuclei, microvasculature damage, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier with cerebral oedema. Brain parenchymal cells have been proposed to be actively involved in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria. We, therefore, compared the neurochemical characteristics ofPlasmodium bergheiANKA-infected mice with controls to determine whether cerebral malarial infection significantly impairs specific neuronal populations. Between 6 and 7 days after infection, we found a significant loss of neurones containing substance P, with preservation of cells containing somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and calbindin in the striatum of infected mice compared with controls. In the cortex of infected mice, we found a significant reduction in the number of cells containing substance P, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y. The number of calbindin-containing neurones was unchanged. This study found significant changes in the neurochemical characteristics of the cortex and striatum of mice infected withP. bergheiANKA, which may contribute to their cerebral symptoms.

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