scholarly journals Amphetamine alters the Reward Positivity in humans and mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Cavanagh ◽  
Sarah Olguin ◽  
Jo Talledo ◽  
Juliana Kotz ◽  
Benjamin Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Probabilistic Learning ◽  
Reward Positivity ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
The Impact

The development of pro-cognitive therapeutics for psychiatric disorders has been beset with difficulties. This is in part due to the absence of pharmacologically-sensitive cognitive biomarkers common to humans and rodents. Here, we describe a cross-species translational measure of reward processing that is sensitive to the dopamine agonist, d-amphetamine. Motivated by human electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, we recently reported that frontal midline delta-band power is also an electrophysiological biomarker of reward surprise in mice. Here, we determined the impact on this reward-related EEG response from humans (n=23) and mice (n=28) performing a probabilistic learning task under parametric doses of d-amphetamine (human: placebo, 10 mg, 20 mg; mice: placebo, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg.kg, 1.0 mg/kg). In humans, d-amphetamine boosted the Reward Positivity event-related potential (ERP) component as well as the spectral delta-band representation of this signal. In mice, only the Reward Positivity ERP component was significantly boosted by d-amphetamine. In sum, the present results confirm the role of dopamine in the generation of the Reward Positivity, and support the first pharmacologically valid biomarker of reward sensitivity across species.

Self-processing in relation to emotion and reward processing in depression

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Catherine Hobbs ◽  
Jie Sui ◽  
David Kessler ◽  
Marcus R. Munafò ◽  
Katherine S. Button
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Precise Relationship

Abstract Background Depression is characterised by a heightened self-focus, which is believed to be associated with differences in emotion and reward processing. However, the precise relationship between these cognitive domains is not well understood. We examined the role of self-reference in emotion and reward processing, separately and in combination, in relation to depression. Methods Adults experiencing varying levels of depression (n = 144) completed self-report depression measures (PHQ-9, BDI-II). We measured self, emotion and reward processing, separately and in combination, using three cognitive tasks. Results When self-processing was measured independently of emotion and reward, in a simple associative learning task, there was little association with depression. However, when self and emotion processing occurred in combination in a self-esteem go/no-go task, depression was associated with an increased positive other bias [b = 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–5.79]. When the self was processed in relation to emotion and reward, in a social evaluation learning task, depression was associated with reduced positive self-biases (b = 0.11, 95% CI 0.05–0.17). Conclusions Depression was associated with enhanced positive implicit associations with others, and reduced positive learning about the self, culminating in reduced self-favouring biases. However, when self, emotion and reward processing occurred independently there was little evidence of an association with depression. Treatments targeting reduced positive self-biases may provide more sensitive targets for therapeutic intervention and potential biomarkers of treatment responses, allowing the development of more effective interventions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sports Magazine Consumption on Mesomorphic Body Standards and Self-sexualizing Behaviors: A Panel Study of Preadolescent Boys

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Rousseau ◽  
Jennifer Stevens Aubrey ◽  
Steven Eggermont
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive Theory ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

The present three-wave panel study of 496 preadolescent boys ( Mage = 11.36, SD = 1.07) examined the impact of sports magazine consumption on mesomorphic body standards and self-sexualizing behaviors (e.g., drinking shakes in order to gain muscle mass, choosing clothing to show off muscles). Grounded in social cognitive theory, we also examined the moderating role of reward sensitivity. Results revealed that boys who consumed more sports magazines at wave 1 (W1) were more likely to report personal mesomorphic standards and perceived mesomorphic standards for men and boys in general at wave 2 (W2). Additionally, W2 personal mesomorphic standards mediated the relationship between sports magazine consumption at W1 and self-sexualizing behaviors at wave 3. Reward sensitivity moderated the relationship between personal mesomorphic standards and self-sexualizing behaviors.

scholarly journals The impact of social comparison on the neural substrates of reward processing: An event-related potential study

NeuroImage ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 956-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Qiu ◽  
Caiyun Yu ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Jerwen Jou ◽  
Shen Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Comparison ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Potential Study ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Blunted Neural Reward Responsiveness in Children With Recent Suicidal Ideation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 958-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliona Tsypes ◽  
Max Owens ◽  
Brandon E. Gibb
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Reward Responsiveness ◽  
Reward Positivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

Individuals with suicidal thoughts and behaviors experience abnormalities in reward-related processes, yet little is known about specific components or stages of reward processing that are impaired, especially in children. The primary aim of this study was to conduct an investigation of the Initial Response to Reward subconstruct of the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria in relation to recent suicidal ideation (SI) in children. Participants were 23 children between the ages of 7 and 11 with a history of recent SI and 46 demographically and clinically matched children with no recent SI. Children completed a simple guessing task during which electroencephalographic signals were continuously recorded to isolate the reward positivity (RewP) event-related potential; specifically, we examined change in RewP (∆RewP), quantified as the difference between neural responses to monetary gains and neural responses to monetary losses. Children with recent SI exhibited significantly smaller (i.e., blunted) ∆RewP, providing initial evidence for blunted initial responses to reward in these children.

scholarly journals The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive behavioural instructions on safety learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Jade Wake ◽  
Carien M. van Reekum ◽  
Helen Dodd ◽  
Jayne Morriss
Keyword(s):  
Skin Conductance Response ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Instruction Condition ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Insight Into

Difficulty updating threat associations to safe associations has been observed in individuals who score high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU). Here we sought to determine whether an instruction based on fundamental principles of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) could promote safety learning in individuals with higher levels of IU, whilst controlling for self-reported trait anxiety (STICSA). We measured skin conductance response (SCR), pupil dilation and expectancy ratings during an associative threat learning task in which participants either received a cognitive behavioural instruction (CB) or no instruction prior to threat extinction (n = 92). Analyses revealed that both self-reported IU and STICSA similarly predicted differences in SCR. Only individuals with lower IU/STICSA in the CB instruction condition displayed successful safety learning via SCR. These initial results provide some insight into how simple CB instructions combined with exposure are applied differently in individuals with varying levels of self-reported anxiety. Conclusions. The results further our understanding of the role of basic CBT principles and self-reported anxiety in safety learning.

scholarly journals The Role of Sleep in Retention of New Words in Habitually and Non-Habitually Napping Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320
Author(s):  
Katherine Esterline ◽  
Rebecca L. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Retention Performance ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
New Words ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Daytime napping contributes to retention of new word learning in children. Importantly, children transition out of regular napping between ages 3–5 years, and the impact of this transition on memory is unclear. Here, we examined the performance of both non-habitually napping children (nap 0–3 days per week, n = 28) and habitually napping children (nap 4–7 days per week, n = 30) on a word learning task after a delay including either sleep or wakefulness. Children ages 3.5–4.5 years old experienced a brief exposure to two novel labels and their referents during training, a scenario that replicates learning experiences children encounter every day. After a 4-h delay, children were tested on the object-label associations. Using mixed effects logistic regression, we compared retention performance. Non-habitual nappers and habitual nappers displayed a different pattern of retention such that non-habitually napping children did equally well on a test of retention regardless of whether they napped or stayed awake during the delay. In contrast, habitually napping children needed a nap after learning to retain the novel object-label associations 4 h later. As a group, habitual nappers who remained awake after learning performed no better than chance on the retention test. As children transition out of naps, they may be less susceptible to interference and are better able to retain newly learned words across a delay including wakefulness.

scholarly journals Cortical Activation Changes Associated with Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR): Initial Case Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Seifzadeh ◽  
Ebrahim Moghimi ◽  
Fatemeh Torkamani ◽  
Negar Ahsant
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Band Frequency ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
Tingling Sensation ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

The Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is a unique phenomenon to provoke a sense of relaxation that has been proposed for a few years. This phenomenon suggests acoustic-visual stimuli  for cultivating a peaceful environment for the mind as well as a tingling sensation. Some studies suggest that this phenomenon is comparable with mindfulness; surprisingly, published articles in this regard are growing increasingly to examine how it happens scientifically. Some studies have been done on neuroimaging techniques, including functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), biological methods such as heart rate and skin conductance, and questionnaires to assess the impact of ASMR videos. In this paper, we intend to determine the effect of ASMR videos on EEG signals. The FFT absolute power analysis (Pre versus Post ASMR) revealed a declined delta band power generally. On the other hand, there are no significant changes in theta band power. The central region demonstrated a rise in alpha band power as well as a slight decrease in the occipital region. Moreover, such an increase was evident in post-ASMR in the beta1 (Sensorimotor wave (12-15 Hz)) band frequency, generally, especially in the frontal region. Besides, Gamma 1 has been increased in the central region, and Gamma 2 has also be increased in frontoparietal regions in both hemispheres. These results indicate the cognitive process as well as sensorimotor, tingling sensations features of ASMR.

scholarly journals Neural dynamics of monetary and social reward processing in social anhedonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 991-1003
Author(s):  
Zhao Wang ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Lu Nie ◽  
Ya Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Social Anhedonia ◽  
Reward Positivity ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Social Rewards ◽  
Present Event

Abstract Being characterized by reduced pleasure from social interaction, social anhedonia constitutes a transdiagnostic marker for various psychiatric disorders. However, the neural portrait of social anhedonia remains elusive because of heterogeneities of reward type and reward dynamics in previous studies. The present event-related potential study investigated neural dynamics in response to monetary and social rewards in social anhedonia. Event-related potential responses were examined when a high social anhedonia (HSA, N = 23) group and a low social anhedonia (LSA, N = 26) group were anticipating and consuming social and monetary rewards. LSA but not HSA participants showed an increased stimulus-preceding negativity (anticipatory phase) and and increased reward positivity (consummatory phase) for monetary as compared with social rewards. This group difference could spring from an increased relevance of social rewards or a general decline in affective responding due to a potential association between social anhedonia and depression. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for neural aberrations of the reward system in social anhedonia, which is contingent upon reward type and reward dynamics.

scholarly journals How many times do I need to see to believe? The impact of intolerance of uncertainty and exposure experience on safety-learning and retention in young adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne Morriss ◽  
Shannon Jade Wake ◽  
Michael Lindner ◽  
Eugene McSorley ◽  
Helen Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Skin Conductance Response ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Extended Exposure

Individuals who score high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) display difficulties updating threat associations to safe associations. Here we sought to determine whether individuals who score high in IU can learn and retain new safety associations if given more exposure. We recorded skin conductance response, pupil dilation and expectancy ratings during an associative threat learning task with acquisition, same-day extinction and next-day extinction phases. Participants (n = 144) were assigned to either a regular exposure (32 trials of same-day and next-day extinction) or extended exposure condition (48 trials of same-day and next-day extinction). We failed to replicate previous work showing that IU is associated with poorer safety-learning indexed via SCR, although the results were at trend and in the expected direction. We found preliminary evidence for promoted safety-retention in individuals with higher Inhibitory IU in the extended exposure condition, relative to individuals with higher Inhibitory IU in the regular exposure condition, indexed via SCR. These findings further our current understanding of the role of IU in safety-learning and -retention, informing models of IU and exposure-based treatments.

scholarly journals Expected Value of Reward Predicts Episodic Memory for Incidentally Learnt Reward-Item Associations

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Mason ◽  
Amy Lorimer ◽  
Simon Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Risk Environments ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Increased Activity

In this paper, we draw connections between reward processing and cognition by behaviourally testing the implications of neurobiological theories of reward processing on memory. Single-cell neurophysiology in non-human primates and imaging work in humans suggests that the dopaminergic reward system responds to different components of reward: expected value; outcome or prediction error; and uncertainty of reward (Schultz et al., 2008). The literature on both incidental and motivated learning has focused on understanding how expected value and outcome—linked to increased activity in the reward system—lead to consolidation-related memory enhancements. In the current study, we additionally investigate the impact of reward uncertainty on human memory. The contribution of reward uncertainty—the spread of the reward probability distribution irrespective of the magnitude—has not been previously examined. To examine the effects of uncertainty on memory, a word-learning task was introduced, along with a surprise delayed recognition memory test. Using Bayesian model selection, we found evidence only for expected value as a predictor of memory performance. Our findings suggest that reward uncertainty does not enhance memory for individual items. This supports emerging evidence that an effect of uncertainty on memory is only observed in high compared to low risk environments.

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