scholarly journals The Role of Physical Environmental Characteristics and Intellectual Disability in Conduct Problem Trajectories Across Childhood: A Population-Based Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alister Baird ◽  
Efstathios Papachristou ◽  
Angela Hassiotis ◽  
Eirini Flouri
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Conduct Problem ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Disruptive Behaviours

Background: The paucity of research investigating the role of the physical environment in the developmental progression of conduct problems and the potential moderating effects of intellectual disability (ID) is surprising, given the clinical relevance of elucidating environmental determinants of disruptive behaviours. Aims: To use data from a large UK cohort study to assess associations between physical environmental exposures, ID, and conduct problem trajectories. Method: The sample included 8,168 Millennium Cohort Study children (1.9% with ID). Multilevel growth curve modelling was used to examine the role of physical environment characteristics in the developmental trajectories of conduct problems after adjustments for ID status. Results: Exposure to external environmental domains was not associated with differences in child conduct problems across development. Alternatively, internal aspects of the household environment: spatial density (b = 0.40, p<.001) and damp problems (b = 0.14, p<.001) were both significantly associated with increased trajectories. Various individual and familial covariates were positively associated with conduct problems over time, including: presence of ID (b = 0.96, p<.001), autism spectrum disorder (b = 1.18, p<.001), male sex (b = 0.26, p<.001), poverty (b = 0.19, p<.001), maternal depression (b = 0.65, p<.001), and non-nuclear family structure (b = 0.35, p<.001). Positive ID status appeared to moderate the effects of internal household spatial density, reporting a non-linear negative association with spatial density and conduct problems across development (b = -1.08, p<.01). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential harmful consequences of poor internal residential conditions on child development of disruptive behaviours.

scholarly journals Developmental pathways from childhood conduct problems to early adult depression: findings from the ALSPAC cohort

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argyris Stringaris ◽  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Barbara Maughan
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Conduct Problem ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Adult Depression ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Childhood Conduct Problems ◽  
History Of

BackgroundPathways from early-life conduct problems to young adult depression remain poorly understood.AimsTo test developmental pathways from early-life conduct problems to depression at age 18.MethodData (n= 3542) came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Previously derived conduct problem trajectories (ages 4–13 years) were used to examine associations with depression from ages 10 to 18 years, and the role of early childhood factors as potential confounders.ResultsOver 43% of young adults with depression in the ALSPAC cohort had a history of child or adolescent conduct problems, yielding a population attributable fraction of 0.15 (95% CI 0.08–0.22). The association between conduct problems and depression at age 18 was considerable even after adjusting for prior depression (odds ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.24–1.94). Early-onset persistent conduct problems carried the highest risk for later depression. Irritability characterised depression for those with a history of conduct problems.ConclusionsEarly-life conduct problems are robustly associated with later depressive disorder and may be useful targets for early intervention.

scholarly journals Antenatal nutritional supplementation and autism spectrum disorders in the Stockholm youth cohort: population based cohort study

BMJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. j4273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A DeVilbiss ◽  
Cecilia Magnusson ◽  
Renee M Gardner ◽  
Dheeraj Rai ◽  
Craig J Newschaffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Nutritional Supplementation ◽  
Multivitamin Supplementation ◽  
Iron And Folic Acid ◽  
Multivitamin Use

Abstract Objective To determine whether nutritional supplementation during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with and without intellectual disability in offspring. Design Observational prospective cohort study using multivariable logistic regression, sibling controls, and propensity score matching. Setting Stockholm County, Sweden. Participants 273 107 mother-child pairs identified through population registers. The study sample was restricted to children who were aged 4 to 15 years by the end of follow-up on 31 December 2011 and were born between 1996 and 2007. Exposures Multivitamin, iron, and folic acid supplement use was reported at the first antenatal visit. Main outcome measure Diagnosis of ASD with and without intellectual disability in children determined from register data up to 31 December 2011. Results Prevalence of ASD with intellectual disability was 0.26% (158 cases in 61 934) in the maternal multivitamin use group and 0.48% (430 cases in 90 480) in the no nutritional supplementation use group. Maternal multivitamin use with or without additional iron or folic acid, or both was associated with lower odds of ASD with intellectual disability in the child compared with mothers who did not use multivitamins, iron, and folic acid (odds ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.84). Similar estimates were found in propensity score matched (0.68, 0.54 to 0.86) and sibling control (0.77, 0.52 to 1.15) matched analyses, though the confidence interval for the latter association included 1.0 and was therefore not statistically significant. There was no consistent evidence that either iron or folic acid use were inversely associated with ASD prevalence. Conclusions Maternal multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy may be inversely associated with ASD with intellectual disability in offspring. Further scrutiny of maternal nutrition and its role in the cause of autism is recommended.

Medicaid Disruption Among Transition-Age Youth on the Autism Spectrum

2021 ◽  
pp. 107755872110511
Author(s):  
Lindsay Shea ◽  
Sha Tao ◽  
Steven C. Marcus ◽  
David Mandell ◽  
Andrew J. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Transition Age Youth ◽  
Transition Age ◽  
Medicaid Enrollment ◽  
Critical Health Care

Enrollment in Medicaid facilitates access to needed services among transition-age youth on the autism spectrum and youth with intellectual disability (ID). There are long-standing programs to ensure that individuals with ID remain enrolled as they age; similar programs for autistic youth are newer, not as widespread, and may not be as effective. We compared Medicaid disenrollment and re-enrollment between transition-age youth on the autism spectrum, youth with ID, and youth with both diagnoses using a national claims-based prospective cohort study from 2008 through 2012. Autistic youth were most likely to disenroll and least likely to re-enroll. Disenrollment peaked for all three groups at ages 19 and 21. Transition-age youth on the autism spectrum experience more disruptions in access to Medicaid-reimbursed services than youth with ID. More equitable Medicaid enrollment options for autistic individuals are needed to ensure their access to critical health care as they age.

scholarly journals Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Summers ◽  
Ali Shahrami ◽  
Stefanie Cali ◽  
Chantelle D’Mello ◽  
Milena Kako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Self Injury

scholarly journals Role of phosphodiesterases in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Delhaye ◽  
Barbara Bardoni
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Pde Inhibitors ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Camp And Cgmp

AbstractPhosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes involved in the homeostasis of both cAMP and cGMP. They are members of a family of proteins that includes 11 subfamilies with different substrate specificities. Their main function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP, cGMP, or both. cAMP and cGMP are two key second messengers that modulate a wide array of intracellular processes and neurobehavioral functions, including memory and cognition. Even if these enzymes are present in all tissues, we focused on those PDEs that are expressed in the brain. We took into consideration genetic variants in patients affected by neurodevelopmental disorders, phenotypes of animal models, and pharmacological effects of PDE inhibitors, a class of drugs in rapid evolution and increasing application to brain disorders. Collectively, these data indicate the potential of PDE modulators to treat neurodevelopmental diseases characterized by learning and memory impairment, alteration of behaviors associated with depression, and deficits in social interaction. Indeed, clinical trials are in progress to treat patients with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Among the most recent results, the application of some PDE inhibitors (PDE2A, PDE3, PDE4/4D, and PDE10A) to treat neurodevelopmental diseases, including autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability, is a significant advance, since no specific therapies are available for these disorders that have a large prevalence. In addition, to highlight the role of several PDEs in normal and pathological neurodevelopment, we focused here on the deregulation of cAMP and/or cGMP in Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, and intellectual disability associated with the CC2D1A gene.

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