scholarly journals Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against Delta, Mu, and other emerging variants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katia J. Bruxvoort ◽  
Lina S. Sy ◽  
Lei Qian ◽  
Bradley K. Ackerson ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Kaiser Permanente ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Delta Infection ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Collection Date ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACTBackgroundReal-world studies have found high vaccine effectiveness (VE) of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, but reduced VE against the Delta variant and waning protection have been reported, with few studies examining mRNA-1273 variant-specific VE.MethodsWe conducted a test-negative case-control study at Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Whole genome sequencing was conducted for SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens collected from 3/1/2021 to 7/27/2021. Test-positive cases were matched 1:5 to test-negative controls on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and specimen collection date. Outcomes included SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization. Exposures were 2 doses or 1 dose of mRNA-1273 ≥14 days prior to specimen collection versus no COVID-19 vaccination. Conditional logistic regression was used to compare odds of vaccination among cases versus controls, adjusting for confounders. VE was calculated as (1-odds ratio)x100%.ResultsThe study included 8,153 cases and their matched controls. Two-dose VE (95% confidence interval) was 86.7% (84.3-88.7%) against Delta infection, 98.4% (96.9-99.1%) against Alpha, 90.4% (73.9-96.5%) against Mu, 96-98% against other identified variants, and 79.9% (76.9-82.5%) against unidentified variants. VE against Delta declined from 94.1% (90.5-96.3%) 14-60 days after vaccination to 80.0% (70.2-86.6%) 151-180 days after vaccination. Waning was less pronounced for non-Delta variants. VE against Delta was lower among individuals aged ≥65 years (75.2% [59.6-84.8%]) than those aged 18-64 years (87.9% [85.5-89.9%]). VE against Delta hospitalization was 97.6% (92.8-99.2%). One-dose VE was 77.0% (60.7-86.5%) against Delta infection.ConclusionsTwo doses of mRNA-1273 were highly effective against all SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, VE against Delta moderately declined with increasing time since vaccination.Trial Registration NumberNot applicableFundingModerna Inc.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta variants

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Fu Tseng ◽  
Bradley K Ackerson ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Lina S Sy ◽  
Carla Talarico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Kaiser Permanente ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
Gene Status ◽  
Delta Infection ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Collection Date

Background The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant raised concerns around potential escape from vaccine-elicited immunity. Limited data are available on real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) of mRNA-1273 against omicron. Here, we report VE of 2 or 3 mRNA-1273 doses against infection and hospitalization with omicron and delta, including among immunocompromised individuals. Methods This test negative study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Cases were individuals aged ≥18 years testing positive by RT-PCR with specimens collected between 12/6/2021 and 12/23/2021 with variant determined by spike gene status. Randomly sampled test negative controls were 5:1 matched to cases by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and specimen collection date. Conditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of vaccination with mRNA-1273 doses between cases and controls. VE(%) was calculated as (1-aOR)x100. Results 6657 test positive cases (44% delta, 56% omicron) were included. The 2-dose VE against omicron infection was 30.4% (95% CI, 5.0%-49.0%) at 14-90 days after vaccination and declined quickly thereafter. The 3-dose VE was 95.2% (93.4%-96.4%) against delta infection and 62.5% (56.2%-67.9%) against omicron infection. The 3-dose VE against omicron infection was low among immunocompromised individuals (11.5%; 0.0%-66.5%). None of the cases (delta or omicron) vaccinated with 3 doses were hospitalized compared to 53 delta and 2 omicron unvaccinated cases. Conclusions VE of 3 mRNA-1273 doses against infection with delta was high and durable, but VE against omicron infection was lower. VE against omicron infection was particularly low among immunocompromised individuals. No 3-dose recipients were hospitalized for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against delta, mu, and other emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2: test negative case-control study

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. e068848
Author(s):  
Katia J Bruxvoort ◽  
Lina S Sy ◽  
Lei Qian ◽  
Bradley K Ackerson ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Delta Infection ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Dose Vaccine

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants and assess its effectiveness against the delta variant by time since vaccination. Design Test negative case-control study. Setting Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), an integrated healthcare system. Participants Adult KPSC members with a SARS-CoV-2 positive test sent for whole genome sequencing or a negative test from 1 March 2021 to 27 July 2021. Interventions Two dose or one dose vaccination with mRNA-1273 (Moderna covid-19 vaccine) ≥14 days before specimen collection versus no covid-19 vaccination. Main outcome measures Outcomes included infection with SARS-CoV-2 and hospital admission with covid-19. In pre-specified analyses for each variant type, test positive cases were matched 1:5 to test negative controls on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and specimen collection date. Conditional logistic regression was used to compare odds of vaccination among cases versus controls, with adjustment for confounders. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1–odds ratio)×100%. Results The study included 8153 cases and their matched controls. Two dose vaccine effectiveness was 86.7% (95% confidence interval 84.3% to 88.7%) against infection with the delta variant, 98.4% (96.9% to 99.1%) against alpha, 90.4% (73.9% to 96.5%) against mu, 96-98% against other identified variants, and 79.9% (76.9% to 82.5%) against unidentified variants (that is, specimens that failed sequencing). Vaccine effectiveness against hospital admission with the delta variant was 97.5% (92.7% to 99.2%). Vaccine effectiveness against infection with the delta variant declined from 94.1% (90.5% to 96.3%) 14-60 days after vaccination to 80.0% (70.2% to 86.6%) 151-180 days after vaccination. Waning was less pronounced for non-delta variants. Vaccine effectiveness against delta infection was lower among people aged ≥65 years (75.2%, 59.6% to 84.8%) than those aged 18-64 years (87.9%, 85.5% to 89.9%). One dose vaccine effectiveness was 77.0% (60.7% to 86.5%) against infection with delta. Conclusions Two doses of mRNA-1273 were highly effective against all SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially against hospital admission with covid-19. However, vaccine effectiveness against infection with the delta variant moderately declined with increasing time since vaccination.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of CoronaVac in the setting of high SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant transmission in Brazil: A test-negative case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Hitchings ◽  
Otavio T. Ranzani ◽  
Mario S.S. Torres ◽  
Silvano Barbosa de Oliveira ◽  
Maria Almiron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Control Study

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant P.1 emerged in the city of Manaus in late 2020 during a large resurgence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and has spread throughout Brazil. The effectiveness of vaccines in settings with widespread P.1 transmission has not been reported. Methods We performed a matched test-negative case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of an inactivated vaccine, CoronaVac, in healthcare workers (HCWs) in Manaus, where P.1 accounted for 75% of genotyped SARS-CoV-2 samples at the peak of its epidemic. Information from electronic surveillance databases was used to select cases of RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and matched test-negative controls from 19 January, 2021 to 25 March, 2021. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the effectiveness in reducing the odds of primary and secondary outcomes of, respectively, symptomatic and any SARS-CoV-2 infection. Findings Among 53,176 HCWs, 46,884 (88%) received at least one dose of CoronaVac and 2,656 (5%) underwent RT-PCR testing from 19 January, 2021 to 25 March, 2021. Of 2,797 RT-PCR tests, 776 (28%) were positive. 393 and 135 case-control pairs with and without, respectively, symptomatic illness were selected for the matched analyses. Vaccination with at least one dose was associated with a 0.50-fold reduction (adjusted vaccine effectiveness, 49.6%; 95% CI, 11.3 - 71.4) in the odds of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during the period 14 days or more after receiving the first dose. Estimated vaccine effectiveness of at least one dose against any SARS-CoV-2 infection was 35.1% (95% CI, -6.6 - 60.5) in the same time period. Interpretation Administration of at least one dose of CoronaVac showed effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in the setting of epidemic P.1 transmission, underscoring the need to increase vaccination efforts in response to the spread of this variant in Brazil and globally. Funding Pan American Health Organization; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); Municipal Health Secretary of Manaus

scholarly journals Effectiveness of CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S among individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Cerqueira-Silva ◽  
Jason R Andrews ◽  
Viviane S Boaventura ◽  
Otavio T Ranzani ◽  
Vinicius de Araujo Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Symptomatic Infection ◽  
Series Completion ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Dose Vaccine

Background. COVID-19 vaccines have proven highly effective among SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals, but their effectiveness in preventing symptomatic infection and severe outcomes among individuals with prior infection is less clear. Methods. Utilizing national COVID-19 notification, hospitalization, and vaccination datasets from Brazil, we performed a case-control study using a test-negative design to assess the effectiveness of four vaccines (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2) among individuals with laboratory-confirmed prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. We matched RT-PCR positive, symptomatic COVID-19 cases with RT-PCR-negative controls presenting with symptomatic illnesses, restricting both groups to tests performed at least 90 days after an initial infection. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to compare the odds of test positivity, and the odds of hospitalization or death due to COVID-19, according to vaccination status and time since first or second dose of vaccines. Findings. Among individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection ≥ 14 days from vaccine series completion was 39.4% (95% CI 36.1-42.6) for CoronaVac, 56.0% (95% CI 51.4-60.2) for ChAdOx1, 44.0% (95% CI 31.5-54.2) for Ad26.COV2.S, and 64.8% (95% CI 54.9-72.4) for BNT162b2. For the two-dose vaccine series (CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, and BNT162b2), effectiveness against symptomatic infection was significantly greater after the second dose compared with the first dose. Effectiveness against hospitalization or death ≥ 14 days from vaccine series completion was 81.3% (95% CI 75.3-85.8) for CoronaVac, 89.9% (95% CI 83.5-93.8) for ChAdOx1, 57.7% (95% CI -2.6-82.5) for Ad26.COV2.S, and 89.7% (95% CI 54.3-97.7) for BNT162b2.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Covishield vaccine in preventing Covid–19 — A test–negative case–control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuti Pramod ◽  
Dhanajayan Govindan ◽  
Premkumar Ramasubramani ◽  
Sitanshu Sekhar Kar ◽  
Rakesh Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Occupational Role ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Protection Rate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: This study was aimed at assessing the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of Covishield, which is identical to the AstraZeneca vaccine, in preventing laboratory–confirmed Covid–19. Methods: Using a test–negative case–control design, information on vaccination status of cases with Covid–19 among healthcare workers in our institution in Puducherry, India, and an equal number of matched controls, i.e. positive and negative for SARS–CoV–2 by RT–PCR, was obtained. The cases and controls were matched for age (± 3 years) and date of testing (± 3 days). The groups were compared using multivariable conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR), with adjustment for gender, occupational role, presence of symptoms and presence of a comorbidity condition. Per cent vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated as 100×(1−adjusted odds ratio). Results: Using data from 360 case–control pairs, VE of one dose and of two doses, in providing protection against Covid–19 was 49% (95% CI: 17%–68%) and 54% (27%–71%), respectively. In view of a difference in the proportion of cases and controls who had symptoms, a separate analysis of data from 203 pairs where both the case and the control had symptoms was done, which showed, VE of 58% (28%–75%) and 64% (38%–78%) after one dose and two doses, respectively. Among cases with moderately severe disease that required oxygen therapy, VE following any number of vaccine doses was 95% (44%–100%). Conclusion: Covishield vaccine protected significantly against Covid–19, with the protection after two doses being slightly higher than after one dose, and a particularly high protection rate against severe forms of the disease. Keywords: Covishield, Vaccine effectiveness, Test–negative design

scholarly journals BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in Qatar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Tang ◽  
Mohammad Rubayet Hasan ◽  
Hiam Chemaitelly ◽  
HADI M. YASSINE ◽  
Fatiha Benslimane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Real World ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Delta Infection ◽  
Control Study

The SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant of concern is expanding globally. Here, we assess real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines against this variant in the population of Qatar, using a matched test-negative, case-control study design. BNT162b2 effectiveness against any Delta infection, symptomatic or asymptomatic, was 64.2% (95% CI: 38.1-80.1%) ≥14 days after the first dose and before the second dose, but was only 53.5% (95% CI: 43.9-61.4%) ≥14 days after the second dose, in a population in which a large proportion of fully vaccinated persons received their second dose several months earlier. Corresponding effectiveness measures for mRNA-1273 were 79.0% (95% CI: 58.9-90.1%) and 84.8% (95% CI: 75.9-90.8%), respectively. Effectiveness against any severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 disease due to Delta was 89.7% (95% CI: 61.0-98.1%) for BNT162b2 and 100.0% (95% CI: 41.2-100.0%) for mRNA-1273, ≥14 days after the second dose. Both BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are highly effective in preventing Delta hospitalization and death, but less so in preventing infection, particularly for BNT162b2.

scholarly journals Recent MMR vaccination in Health Care Workers and Covid-19: a test negative case-control study

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Lundberg ◽  
Maria Bygdell ◽  
Gustaf Stukat von Feilitzen ◽  
Susanne Woxenius ◽  
Claes Ohlsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Control Study

Risk factors associated with anthrax in cattle on smallholdings

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
pp. 1888-1895 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. BISWAS ◽  
M. Z. ISLAM ◽  
S. K. SHIL ◽  
R. K. CHAKRABORTY ◽  
S. S. U. AHMED ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Matched Pair Analysis ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Pair Analysis ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYUnprecedented high rates of anthrax outbreaks have been observed recently in cattle and humans in Bangladesh, with 607 human cases in 2010. By enrolling 15 case and 15 control cattle smallholdings in the spatial zone in July–September 2010, we conducted a case-control study, data of which were analysed by matched-pair analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Feeding animals with uprooted and unwashed grass [odds ratio (OR) 41·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·7–458·8, P=0·003], and feeding water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (OR 22·2, 95% CI 1·2–418·7, P=0·039) were independent risk factors for anthrax in cattle.

scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus, anti-secretory drugs and other risk factors for campylobacter gastro-enteritis in adults: a case-control study

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. NEAL ◽  
R. C. B. SLACK
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Foreign Travel ◽  
Drinking Milk ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Control Study

The epidemiology of notified cases of campylobacter gastroenteritis in adults in Nottingham Health District was investigated using a case-control study with a postal questionnaire to ascertain data on risk factors. Over a 14-month period 531 cases (a 73% response rate of all laboratory confirmed cases) and 512 controls replied.Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent associations with infection. These included foreign travel (odds ratio (OR) 3·4; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2·0–5·7), diabetes mellitus (OR 4·1, CI 1·1–17), medication with omeprazole (OR 3·5, CI 1·1–12) and H2 and H2 antagonists (OR 3·7, CI 1·3–15), contact with puppies (OR11·3, CI1·2–105), eating chicken (OR 1·4, CI 1·1–1·8) and drinking milk from bottles with tops damaged by a bird (OR 3·3, CI 1·0–11). Preparing main meals (OR 0·9, CI 0·8–1·0) and drinking delivered milk (OR 0·6, CI 0·4–0·9) were associated with a reduced risk of campylobacter infection.Foreign travel was reported in 25% of cases and another 15% had significant associations with other risk factors. The majority of cases, 60%, remained unexplained, indicating the need for further evolution of sporadic cases.

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