scholarly journals Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae): another generalist that should not be a generalist is not a generalist

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia I Sheikh ◽  
Anna K G Ward ◽  
Yuanmeng Miles Zhang ◽  
Charles K Davis ◽  
Linyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Habitat Specialists ◽  
Cryptic Habitat ◽  
Morphological Species

Several recent reappraisals of supposed generalist parasite species have revealed hidden complexes of species, each with considerably narrower host ranges. Parasitic wasps that attack gall-forming insects on plants have life history strategies that are thought to promote specialization, and though many species are indeed highly specialized, others have been described as generalist parasites. Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) is one such apparent generalist, with rearing records spanning more than 65 host galls associated with a diverse set of oak tree species and plant tissues. We pair a molecular approach with morphology, host ecology, and phenological data from across a wide geographic sample to test the hypothesis that this supposed generalist is actually a complex of several more specialized species, though we identify no single unifying axis of specialization. We find 16-18 putative species within the morphological species O. labotus, each reared from only 1-6 host gall types. We also find cryptic habitat specialists within two other named Ormyrus species. Our study suggests that caution should be applied when considering host ranges of parasitic insects described solely by morphological traits, particularly given their importance as biocontrol organisms and their role in biodiversity and evolutionary studies.

scholarly journals Climatic factors and their influence on onset and duration of phenological phases of chosen plants at locations south Moravia during 1961–2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Bartošová ◽  
Zdeněk Bauer ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Petr Štěpánek ◽  
Zdeněk Žalud
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Forestry Management ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
South Moravia ◽  
The Given ◽  
Phenological Phases

In this work phenological phases of three species – ramson (Allium ursinum L.), hawthorn (Crataegus oxya­can­tha L.) and oak tree (Quercus robur L.) were evaluated on two research plots Lednice and Lanžhot during 1961–2007. Both plots represent protected flood-plain forests with no forestry management. The aim of this work is to assess which meteorological parameters influence the most duration of phenophases, to analyse shifts of phenophase timing during the period 1961 to 2007 and to compare phenological and temperature trends in this period. The meteorological and phenological data processed by software AnClim and FenoClim. Results showed that maximum and mean temperature influenced the duration of phenophases most significantly. The higher temperatures caused shortening of phe­no­pha­ses and vice versa. Per 1°C temperature increas the given phenophase its length will decrease by 2.3 days in case of oak tree, by 0.8 days in the case of hawthorn and by 1.3 days in the case of ramson. The onset of phenophases has advanced by 9 to 10 days during the period of 47 years.

scholarly journals Host range, host ecology, and distribution of more than 11 800 fish parasite species

Ecology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Strona ◽  
Maria Lourdes D. Palomares ◽  
Nicolas Bailly ◽  
Paolo Galli ◽  
Kevin D. Lafferty
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Fish Parasite ◽  
Host Ecology

scholarly journals Comparing endemism and habitat restriction in Mesoamerican tropical deciduous forest birds: implications for biodiversity conservation planning

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb E. Gordon ◽  
Juan Francisco Ornelas
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Tropical Deciduous Forest ◽  
Ecological Sensitivity ◽  
Generalist Species ◽  
Habitat Specialists ◽  
Cryptic Habitat ◽  
Habitat Generalists

Biogeographical endemism and habitat restriction are two easily measured quantities that can be used as indicators of species' ecological restrictions. We analysed and compared these two types of information from available literature sources in an attempt to identify all bird species critically dependent on tropical deciduous forests of western Mexico and Central America. Based on patterns of biogeographical restriction, we identified 42 endemics, 33 disjunct endemics, 59 corridor species and 3 seasonal endemics associated with tropical deciduous forest (TDF) in this region. Based on patterns of habitat use in these species, we classified them as 50 tropical deciduous forest-restricted species and 82 apparent habitat generalist species. No habitat use information was available within the TDF belt for five of the biogeographically restricted species. We found a high proportion of apparent habitat generalists (60%) among biogeographically restricted species. We discuss three specific scenarios in which species critically dependent on TDF may nonetheless appear generalized in their patterns of habitat use. These species are termed “cryptic habitat specialists.” The proportion of apparent habitat generalists is highly variable among biogeographical regions and habitat types. Thus, global biodiversity conservation prioritizations that rely on habitat restriction as an indicator of ecological sensitivity may underestimate conservation needs within bioregions that contain high proportions of cryptic habitat specialists.

scholarly journals Sponge distribution and the presence of photosymbionts in Moorea, French Polynesia

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Freeman ◽  
Cole G. Easson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Cryptic Habitats ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Photosymbionts play an important role in the ecology and evolution of diverse host species within the marine environment. Although sponge-photosymbiont interactions have been well described from geographically disparate sites worldwide, our understanding of these interactions from shallow water systems within French Polynesia is limited. We surveyed diverse habitats around the north coast of Moorea, French Polynesia and screened sponges for the presence of photosymbionts. Overall sponge abundance and diversity were low, with <1% cover and only eight putative species identified by 28S barcoding from surveys at 21 sites. Of these eight species, seven were found predominately in shaded or semi-cryptic habitats under overhangs or within caverns.Lendenfeldia chondrodeswas the only species that supported a high abundance of photosymbionts and was also the only species found in exposed, illuminated habitats. Interestingly,L. chondrodeswas found at three distinct sites, with a massive, fan-shaped growth form at two of the lagoon sites and a thin, encrusting growth form within a bay site. These two growth forms differed in their photosymbiont abundance, with massive individuals ofL. chondrodeshaving higher photosymbiont abundance than encrusting individuals from the bay. We present evidence that some sponges from French Polynesia support abundant photosymbiont communities and provide initial support for the role of these communities in host ecology.

Role of ecology and phylogeny in determining tapeworm assemblages in skates (Rajiformes)

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Beer ◽  
T. Ingram ◽  
H.S. Randhawa
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Host Switching ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Ecological Parameters ◽  
Average Body

AbstractAn understanding of the mechanisms that determine host and parasite relationships is a central aim in parasitology. Association of a parasite species with a host species may be influenced primarily by phylogenetic constraints that cause parasite species to co-speciate with their host species, or predominantly by ecological parameters that influence all other co-evolutionary scenarios. This study aimed to investigate the role of co-speciation as well as other co-evolutionary scenarios in influencing the assemblages of tapeworm parasites (marine cestodes) in skate hosts (Rajiformes) using a modification of the PACo (Procrustean Approach to Cophylogeny) method. The study found that phylogeny and host ecology are both significant predictors of skate–tapeworm relationships, implying that co-speciation as well as other co-evolutionary scenarios are shaping these associations. The study also investigated the key ecological parameters influencing host-switching and found that host diet, distribution depth, average body size and geographical location have a combined effect. Given the importance of parasites in ensuring healthy and stable marine ecosystems, the findings of this study have implications for conservation management worldwide.

scholarly journals Scale-dependent effects of geography, host ecology, and host genetics, on species composition and co-occurrence in a stickleback parasite metacommunity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Bolnick ◽  
Emlyn J. Resetarits ◽  
Kimberly Ballare ◽  
Yoel E. Stuart ◽  
William E. Stutz
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Species Distributions ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Lake Size

ABSTRACTA core goal of ecology is to understand the abiotic and biotic variables that regulate species distributions and community composition. A major obstacle is that the rules governing species distribution can change with spatial scale. Here, we illustrate this point using data from a spatially nested metacommunity of parasites infecting a metapopulation of threespine stickleback fish from 34 lakes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Parasite communities differ among host individuals within each host population and between host populations. The distribution of each parasite taxon depends, to varying degrees, on individual host traits (e.g., mass, diet) and on host population characteristics (e.g., lake size, mean diet). However, in most cases, a given parasite was regulated by different factors at the host-individual and host-population scales, contributing to scale-dependent patterns of parasite-species co-occurrence.

The population dynamics of parasitic helminth communities

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 109 (S1) ◽  
pp. S97-S108 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dobson ◽  
M. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Wood Mice

SUMMARYThis paper describes a mathematical model which allows us to compare the data collected from short-term cross-sectional surveys with the population dynamics of host and parasite populations over longer periods of time. The model extends an earlier framework for two parasite species in one host, to one for an arbitrary number of parasite species. We show that the conditions necessary for the coexistence of two parasite species extend to expressions for the coexistence of three or more parasite species. Furthermore, the model suggests that those species which form the ‘core’ of the parasite community are those whose high fecundity and transmission efficiency permit them to colonize hosts readily. In contrast, those species which are classified as ‘satellite’ species of the community are either species with low fecundity, or low transmission efficiencies. This work confirms earlier studies that suggest that increasing degrees of aggregation are crucial in allowing several species of parasites to coexist in the same species of hosts.The properties of the model are compared with patterns observed in data collected for helminth parasites of Anolis lizards, wood mice and eels. This combined theoretical and empirical approach confirms the importance of the life history strategies of the parasite in determining the abundance of each species in the community. It suggests that studies of parasite community structure have to pay more attention to the strategies pursued by each individual species before interactions between species are considered.

Inter-specific parasite competition: mixed infections ofSchistosoma mansoniandS. rodhainiin the definitive host

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. NORTON ◽  
J. P. WEBSTER ◽  
R. A. KANE ◽  
D. ROLLINSON
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Paired Female ◽  
Initial Infectivity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Specific Parasite

SUMMARYCompetition between parasite species has been predicted to be an important force shaping parasite and host ecology and evolution, although empirical data are often lacking. Using theMus musculus-Schistosoma mansoniandSchistosoma rodhainihost-parasite systems we characterized mate choice and inter-specific competition between these two schistosome species. Simultaneous infections revealed species-specific mate preferences for both species as well as suggesting mating competition, with maleS. rodhainiappearing dominant over maleS. mansoni.S. rodhainihomologous pairs were also shown to have increased reproduction per paired female in the presence of a competitor in simultaneous infections. Overall total reproductive success was, however, similar between the two species under conditions of direct competition due to the greater initial infectivity ofS. mansoniin comparison toS. rodhaini. Inter-specific competition was also implicated as increased parasite virulence to the host. The potential effects of such interactions on parasite and host ecology and evolution in nature are discussed.

Explaining covariation between endo- and ecto-parasites in spreadwing damselflies (Zygoptera: Lestidae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 761-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morrill ◽  
J.J. Mlynarek ◽  
M.R. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Water Mites ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Behaviour

Host individuals and populations are commonly infected by more than one type of parasite, yet studies examining parasite effects on host fitness often limit observations or experiments to only a single parasite taxon or to a narrow subset of potential parasite taxa. Addressing covariation between parasite taxa is important for determining the potential for misattributing effects caused by one parasite species to another parasite species, and also for testing more broadly whether host attributes relate to exposure or susceptibility to infection. In this study, parasitism by ectoparasitic water mites (Arrenuridae) and endoparasitic gregarines (Eugregarinidae) of two spreadwing damselfly species, Lestes disjunctus Selys, 1862 and Lestes forcipatus Rambur, 1842, was measured and analyzed for covariance. No significant correlations between the intensities of the two types of infecting parasites were found when both live and resisted mites were considered. However, significant negative correlations between live mites and gregarines were consistently found in L. forcipatus host samples, but never in L. disjunctus samples. These results show some species-specific patterns of covariation between mite and gregarine infections in damselflies. We propose potential underlying causes for this correlation related to parasite–host ecology and to changes in host behaviour resulting from water mite infection of L. forcipatus.

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