scholarly journals The evolution of color naming reflects pressure for efficiency: Evidence from the recent past

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noga Zaslavsky ◽  
Karee Garvin ◽  
Charles Kemp ◽  
Naftali Tishby ◽  
Terry Regier
Keyword(s):  
Data Compression ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Random Drift ◽  
The Past ◽  
Color Categories ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Cross Language

It has been proposed that semantic systems evolve under pressure for efficiency. This hypothesis has so far been supported largely indirectly, by synchronic cross-language comparison, rather than directly by diachronic data. Here, we directly test this hypothesis in the domain of color naming, by analyzing recent diachronic data from Nafaanra, a language of Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, and comparing it with quantitative predictions derived from the mathematical theory of efficient data compression. We show that color naming in Nafaanra has changed over the past four decades while remaining near-optimally efficient, and that this outcome would be unlikely under a random drift process that maintains structured color categories without pressure for efficiency. To our knowledge, this finding provides the first direct evidence that color naming evolves under pressure for efficiency, supporting the hypothesis that efficiency shapes the evolution of the lexicon.

scholarly journals Focal colors across languages are representative members of color categories

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (40) ◽  
pp. 11178-11183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. Abbott ◽  
Thomas L. Griffiths ◽  
Terry Regier
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Color Terms ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
Color Categories ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Do So

Focal colors, or best examples of color terms, have traditionally been viewed as either the underlying source of cross-language color-naming universals or derived from category boundaries that vary widely across languages. Existing data partially support and partially challenge each of these views. Here, we advance a position that synthesizes aspects of these two traditionally opposed positions and accounts for existing data. We do so by linking this debate to more general principles. We show that best examples of named color categories across 112 languages are well-predicted from category extensions by a statistical model of how representative a sample is of a distribution, independently shown to account for patterns of human inference. This model accounts for both universal tendencies and variation in focal colors across languages. We conclude that categorization in the contested semantic domain of color may be governed by principles that apply more broadly in cognition and that these principles clarify the interplay of universal and language-specific forces in color naming.

Energy Efficient Data Compression in Cloud based IoT

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Halah Mohammed Al-Kadhim ◽  
Hamed S. Al-Raweshidy
Keyword(s):  
Data Compression ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Efficient Data

The Origins of Domestic Sheep and Goats: a Reconsideration in the Light of the Fossil Evidence

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 368-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Payne
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
The Other ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Animal Domestication ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

In recent discussions of the origins and process of animal domestication (Reed, 1961, Zeuner, 1963), both authors rely on two kinds of evidence: on the one hand, the present distributions and characteristics of the different breeds of whatever animal is being discussed, together with its feral and wild relatives, and, on the other hand, the past record, given by literary and pictorial sources and the bones from archaeological and geological sites. Increased recognition of the limitations of the past record, whether in the accuracy of the information it appears to give (as in the case of pictorial sources), or in the certainty of the deductions we are at present capable of drawing from it (this applies especially to the osteological record), has led these authors to argue mainly from the present situation, using the past record to confirm or amplify the existing picture.Arguing from the present, many hypotheses about the origins and process of domestication are available. The only test we have, when attempting to choose between these, lies in the direct evidence of the past record. The past record, it is freely admitted, is very fragmentary: the information provided by the present situation is more exact, ranges over a much wider field, and is more open to test and control. Nevertheless, the past record, however imperfect it is, is the only direct evidence we have about the process of domestication.

Entertainment and Resonance

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-137
Author(s):  
Peter Vorderer
Keyword(s):  
Media Use ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Case ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Entertainment Theory

This chapter aims to differentiate between two kinds of media use experiences that in the past twenty some years have uniformly been labeled entertainment experiences. In the background of four identified fundamental assumptions in entertainment theory (entertainment as reception phenomenon, disparity between what media users want and what they should want, entertainment between approaching and avoiding affective states, entertainment as self-transcendence) media experiences are dichotomized between those that serve users’ hedonic motivations, needs, and interests and others, more fundamental experiences of resonance (which in the recent past have often been labeled eudaimonic) that connect users to the content of a media narrative and ultimately changes them. The argument is made here for communication scholars and media psychologists to refer to entertainment experiences only in the first case in order to be less vague and ambiguous in explicating entertainment theory.

scholarly journals Link-delay-aware Reinforcement Scheduling for Data Aggregation in Massive IoT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van-Vi Vo ◽  
Tien-Dung Nguyen ◽  
Duc-Tai Le ◽  
Moonseong Kim ◽  
Hyunseung Choo
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Dominating Set ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Maximal Independent Set ◽  
Problem Of Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Battery Power ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
And Performance

<div>Over the past few years, the use of wireless sensor networks in a range of Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios has grown in popularity. Since IoT sensor devices have restricted battery power, a proper IoT data aggregation approach is crucial to prolong the network lifetime. To this end, current approaches typically form a virtual aggregation backbone based on a connected dominating set or maximal independent set to utilize independent transmissions of dominators. However, they usually have a fairly long aggregation delay because the dominators become bottlenecks for receiving data from all dominatees. The problem of time-efficient data aggregation in multichannel duty-cycled IoT sensor networks is analyzed in this paper. We propose a novel aggregation approach, named LInk-delay-aware REinforcement (LIRE), leveraging active slots of sensors to explore a routing structure with pipeline links, then scheduling all transmissions in a bottom-up manner. The reinforcement schedule accelerates the aggregation by exploiting unused channels and time slots left off at every scheduling round. LIRE is evaluated in a variety of simulation scenarios through theoretical analysis and performance comparisons with a state-of-the-art scheme. The simulation results show that LIRE reduces more than 80% aggregation delay compared to the existing scheme.</div>

scholarly journals variations in color naming within and across populations

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
michael a. webster ◽  
paul kay
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Color Categories

the simulations of steels & belpaeme (s&b) suggest that communication could lead to color categories that are closely shared within a language and potentially diverge across languages. we argue that this is opposite of the patterns that are actually observed in empirical studies of color naming. focal color choices more often exhibit strong concordance across languages while also showing pronounced variability within any language.

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