scholarly journals A novel and highly divergent Canine Distemper Virus lineage causing distemper in ferrets in Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita M George ◽  
Michelle Wille ◽  
Jianning Wang ◽  
Keith Anderson ◽  
Shari Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Full Genome Sequencing ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
H Gene ◽  
Distinct Lineage ◽  
Maximum Protection

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious systemic viral disease of dogs, that regularly spills-over into other animal species. Despite widespread vaccination, CDV remains endemic in many parts of the world. In this study we report an outbreak of distemper in ferrets in two independent research facilities in Australia. We found that disease severity varied, although most animals had mild to moderate disease signs. Histopathology results of animals with severe disease presented the typical profile of distemper pathology with multi-system virus replication. Through the development of a discriminatory PCR paired with full genome sequencing we revealed that the outbreak at both facilities was caused by a single, novel lineage of CDV. This lineage was highly divergent across the H gene, F signal peptide and full genome and had less than 93% similarity across the H gene to other described lineages, including the vaccine strain. Molecular analysis indicates that this strain belongs to a distinct lineage that diverged from other clades approximately 140 to 400 years ago, and appears to be unique to Australia. Given the differences in key viral proteins of this novel CDV strain, a review of the efficacy of the CDV vaccines currently in use in Australia is warranted to ensure maximum protection of dogs and other vulnerable species. In addition, enhanced surveillance to determine the prevalence of CDV in ferrets, dogs and other at-risk species in Australia would be useful to better understand the diversity of CDV in Australia.

Codon usage bias in the H gene of canine distemper virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 104511
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Weihua Xu ◽  
Kewei Fan ◽  
Hung-chuan Chiu ◽  
Cuiqin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Codon Usage Bias ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
H Gene

FULL GENOME SEQUENCES OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS STRAINS ISOLATED IN KAZAKHSTAN

2013 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Elena Zholdybayeva ◽  
◽  
Kuvat Momynaliev ◽  
Pavel Tarlykov ◽  
Erlan Ramanculov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Virus Strains

scholarly journals Immunopathogenic and Neurological Mechanisms of Canine Distemper Virus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otávio Valério Carvalho ◽  
Clarisse Vieira Botelho ◽  
Caroline Gracielle Torres Ferreira ◽  
Paulo Oldemar Scherer ◽  
Jamária Adriana Pinheiro Soares-Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV), which is a member of theMorbillivirusgenus, Paramyxoviridae family. Animals that most commonly suffer from this disease belong to the Canidae family; however, the spectrum of natural hosts for CDV also includes several other families of the order Carnivora. The infectious disease presents worldwide distribution and maintains a high incidence and high levels of lethality, despite the availability of effective vaccines, and no specific treatment. CDV infection in dogs is characterized by the presentation of systemic and/or neurological courses, and viral persistence in some organs, including the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissues. An elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in canine distemper disease will lead to a better understanding of the injuries and clinical manifestations caused by CDV. Ultimately, further insight about this disease will enable the improvement of diagnostic methods as well as therapeutic studies.

scholarly journals Identification of Amino Acid Substitutions with Compensational Effects in the Attachment Protein of Canine Distemper Virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (14) ◽  
pp. 8057-8064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Sattler ◽  
Mojtaba Khosravi ◽  
Mislay Avila ◽  
Paola Pilo ◽  
Johannes P. Langedijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Attachment Protein ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Hemagglutinin Gene ◽  
H Gene

ABSTRACTThe hemagglutinin (H) gene of canine distemper virus (CDV) encodes the receptor-binding protein. This protein, together with the fusion (F) protein, is pivotal for infectivity since it contributes to the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. Of the two receptors currently known for CDV (nectin-4 and the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule [SLAM]), SLAM is considered the most relevant for host susceptibility. To investigate how evolution might have impacted the host-CDV interaction, we examined the functional properties of a series of missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) naturally accumulating within the H-gene sequences during the transition between two distinct but related strains. The two strains, a wild-type strain and a consensus strain, were part of a single continental outbreak in European wildlife and occurred in distinct geographical areas 2 years apart. The deduced amino acid sequence of the two H genes differed at 5 residues. A panel of mutants carrying all the combinations of the SNPs was obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. The selected mutant, wild type, and consensus H proteins were functionally evaluated according to their surface expression, SLAM binding, fusion protein interaction, and cell fusion efficiencies. The results highlight that the most detrimental functional effects are associated with specific sets of SNPs. Strikingly, an efficient compensational system driven by additional SNPs appears to come into play, virtually neutralizing the negative functional effects. This system seems to contribute to the maintenance of the tightly regulated function of the H-gene-encoded attachment protein.IMPORTANCETo investigate how evolution might have impacted the host-canine distemper virus (CDV) interaction, we examined the functional properties of naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the hemagglutinin gene of two related but distinct strains of CDV. The hemagglutinin gene encodes the attachment protein, which is pivotal for infection. Our results show that few SNPs have a relevant detrimental impact and they generally appear in specific combinations (molecular signatures). These drastic negative changes are neutralized by compensatory mutations, which contribute to maintenance of an overall constant bioactivity of the attachment protein. This compensational mechanism might reflect the reaction of the CDV machinery to the changes occurring in the virus following antigenic variations critical for virulence.

scholarly journals Isolation and sequence analysis of the complete H gene of canine distemper virus from domestic dogs in Henan Province, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 164 (8) ◽  
pp. 2153-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiu Liu ◽  
Caihong Liu ◽  
Wujie Liu ◽  
Hongchao Wu ◽  
Hangtian Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
H Gene

Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Canine Distemper Virus from a Naturally Infected Dog in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongliang Zhang ◽  
Peipei Meng ◽  
Xiaoming Song ◽  
Shuguang Li ◽  
Ruimei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Glycosylation Site ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Neutralization Titer ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
H Gene ◽  
Type Strains

Background: Canine distemper virus (CDV) can infect a variety of predators, such as Canidae, Mustelidae and Procyonidae family and cause high morbidity and mortality. Genetic/antigenic heterogeneity has been observed among various CDV strains, notably in the haemagglutinin (H) gene. Based on sequence analysis of the H gene, wild-type CDV strains can be divided into distinct genotypes. Methods: We used Vero/SLAM cells to isolate CDV strains from clinically naturally infected dog tissues. Here, the H gene sequence of the isolated strain was analyzed for the restriction enzyme polymorphism with RT-PCR-RFLP method and the method could be used to distinguish CDV vaccine strains from wild-type strains. Furthermore, the genetic and antigenic variation of the H gene was also analyzed.Result: Our results indicated that Vero cells expressing canine SLAM allow the efficient isolation of CDV wild-type strains. The isolated CDV was named Shandong strain. Phylogenetic analysis identified that Shandong strain was CDV wild-type strain, the Asian genotype I. Analysis of the potential glycosylation site of the H gene and determination of the neutralization titer PD50 showed that there were immunogenic differences between the Shandong strain and the vaccine strains.

Early life DNA vaccination with the H gene of Canine distemper virus induces robust protection against distemper

Vaccine ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (38) ◽  
pp. 5178-5183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine Hammer Jensen ◽  
Line Nielsen ◽  
Bent Aasted ◽  
Merete Blixenkrone-Møller
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Dna Vaccination ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
H Gene

scholarly journals Genotyping of Canine Distemper Virus Lineage in Clinically Infected Dogs in Puducherry, Southern India

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Megavarnan Abirami ◽  
Mouttou Vivek Srinivas ◽  
Jayalakshmi Vasu ◽  
Prabhakar Xavier Antony ◽  
Jacob Thanislass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Southern India ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Amino Acid Divergence ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
H Gene ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Aims: This study aimed to determine the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) lineage circulating in the Puducherry region (Southern India) and how they are genetically and antigenically related to the vaccine and other known CDV lineages around the world. Study Design: The study involved genetic characterization of the canine distemper virus strains/lineages circulating in the clinically suspected dogs in the field. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Animal Husbandry Department, Private Veterinary Clinics, NGOs like Bark India, People for Animals organization, Puducherry between January 2018 and December 2019. Methodology: The ocular and nasal swabs were collected from 40 dogs suspected for canine distemper from Puducherry state (Southern India). Following viral RNA Extraction and cDNA synthesis; the cDNAs were screened for virus by targeting the CDV Nucleocapsid (N) gene using Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Further, the N gene positive cDNAs were genetically characterized for sequence analysis of the CDV hemagglutinin (H) gene. Results: A total of 15 (37.5%) out of 40 ocular/ nasal swabs were found to be CDV positive by RT-PCR targeting the N gene. The sequence analysis of the H gene revealed forty-nine non-synonymous and thirty-three synonymous mutations (out of 356 amino acids) in comparison with vaccine strain. The vaccine virus (Onderstepoort strain), which is related to the America 1 lineage, possessed high level of (30 – 35 i.e. more than 10%) amino acid divergence with the CDV sequences analysed in this study. The Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the present CDV sequences formed a separate monophyletic group with the CDV sequences of other Indian dogs and the Indian wildlife (Lion) and is clustered away from the vaccine strain. The CDV sequences were closer to the CDVs of Africa - 2 lineage than the other Asian lineages.  The Recombination analysis revealed no potential breakpoints and recombination events. Conclusion: Together, these findings highlighted the possible existence of the novel Indian CDV lineage/s distinct from the vaccine strain and from other known Asian lineages.

H Gene-based Molecular Characterization of Field Isolates of Canine Distemper Virus from Cases of Canine Gastroenteritis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyani Putty ◽  
Haritha Kodi ◽  
Vishweshwar Kumar Ganji ◽  
B. Bhagyalakshmi ◽  
Y. Narasimha Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Restriction Site ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
H Gene ◽  
First Time

Background: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the important causes for canine gastroenteritis. Its genome codes for six structural proteins N, P, M, F, H and L, of which H is important for viral pathogenesis. Availability of CDV molecular epidemiological data is sparse. Our study reports for the first time, isolation of enteric CDV from India and its molecular epidemiology. Methods: We isolated the circulating wild type CDV from cases of canine gastroenteritis recorded during 2019 in India. Partial H gene of the isolates was amplified and phylogeny was reconstructed with other isolates from the NCBI database using MUSCLE from MEGA7. Results: The multiple sequence alignment of the partial H gene of circulating CDV with reference isolates revealed 88-95% nucleotide identity, and 83-91% amino acid identity along with the presence of Nde1 restriction site at position 1571-1576 that is typical of wild type CDV isolates. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating CDV were grouped with three different lineages i.e., South America-2, Asia-4, and Asia-5/India-1 and distantly related with the vaccine strains. Our study strengthens the need for the development of a relevant vaccine comprising of circulating viral strains for effective vaccination strategies.

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