scholarly journals Pre- and post-mating reproductive isolation evolve independently during rapid adaptation to high temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Kai Hsu ◽  
Wei-Yun Lai ◽  
Johannes Novak ◽  
Felix Lehner ◽  
Ana Marija Jakšić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbon ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Altered Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Altered Lipid

Ambient temperature is one major ecological factor driving adaptation in natural populations, but its impact on the emergence of new species is not yet clear. Here, we explored the evolution of reproductive isolation during temperature adaptation by exposing 10 replicate Drosophila simulans populations to a hot temperature regime. Within less than 200 generations, both pre- and post-mating reproductive isolation evolved. The altered lipid metabolism of evolved flies also affected the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHCs) profiles. Different CHC profiles could explain the emerged assortative mating between ancestral and evolved populations. Hence, we identified the hallmark of ecological speciation driven by temperature adaptation. While this pre-mating isolation occurred only between ancestral and evolved replicate populations, post-mating reproductive isolation was observed among evolved replicate populations. We propose that epistatic interactions of reproduction-related genes between males and females resulted in adaptive co-evolution. Incompatibilities between different gene combinations favored in each replicate could explain the observed post-mating reproductive isolation. We anticipate that this mutation-order-like speciation from standing genetic variation, a new speciation process, is widespread in nature when highly polygenic traits are involved in adaptation.

scholarly journals Rapid experimental evolution of reproductive isolation from a single natural population

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (27) ◽  
pp. 13440-13445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Villa ◽  
Juan C. Altuna ◽  
James S. Ruff ◽  
Andrew B. Beach ◽  
Lane I. Mulvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Divergent Natural Selection ◽  
Feather Lice

Ecological speciation occurs when local adaptation generates reproductive isolation as a by-product of natural selection. Although ecological speciation is a fundamental source of diversification, the mechanistic link between natural selection and reproductive isolation remains poorly understood, especially in natural populations. Here, we show that experimental evolution of parasite body size over 4 y (approximately 60 generations) leads to reproductive isolation in natural populations of feather lice on birds. When lice are transferred to pigeons of different sizes, they rapidly evolve differences in body size that are correlated with host size. These differences in size trigger mechanical mating isolation between lice that are locally adapted to the different sized hosts. Size differences among lice also influence the outcome of competition between males for access to females. Thus, body size directly mediates reproductive isolation through its influence on both intersexual compatibility and intrasexual competition. Our results confirm that divergent natural selection acting on a single phenotypic trait can cause reproductive isolation to emerge from a single natural population in real time.

The potential for rapid speciation in plants

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Macnair
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Rapid Speciation ◽  
Genetic Revolution ◽  
Self Fertilization

Speciation involves both ecological adaptation and reproductive isolation. This paper reviews various ways in which plants could achieve reproductive isolation as a direct result of adaptation to prevailing conditions, particularly through changes in flowering time, the adoption of self-fertilization, and changes in flower morphology so that different pollinators are attracted. These characters are likely to have a relatively simple genetic architecture, and there must frequently be genetic variance for them in natural populations. It is argued that speciation could thus be initiated swiftly in plants, without any need for a "genetic revolution" or the fixation of genes with strongly epistatic interactions. Postmating barriers also often have a simple genetic basis in plants, and so could also evolve swiftly if associated with an adaptive response. The nature of the genetic changes associated with speciation in a number of recent speciation events in Layia, Stephanomeria, and Mimulus is reviewed.Key words: Speciation, adaptation, reproductive isolation.

scholarly journals Experimental evolution of reproductive isolation from a single natural population

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Villa ◽  
Juan C. Altuna ◽  
James S. Ruff ◽  
Andrew B. Beach ◽  
Lane I. Mulvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Feather Lice

Ecological speciation occurs when local adaptation generates reproductive isolation as a by-product of natural selection1–3. Although ecological speciation is a fundamental source of diversification, the mechanistic link between natural selection and reproductive isolation remains poorly understood, especially in natural populations2–6. Here we show that experimental evolution of parasite body size over four years (ca. 60 generations) leads to reproductive isolation in natural populations of feather lice on birds. When lice are transferred to pigeons of different sizes they rapidly evolve differences in body size that are correlated with host size. These size differences trigger mechanical mating isolation between lice that are locally adapted to the different sized hosts. Size differences among lice also influence the outcome of competition between males for access to females. Thus, body size directly mediates reproductive isolation through its influence on both inter-sexual compatibility and intra-sexual competition. Our results confirm that divergent natural selection acting on a single phenotypic trait can cause reproductive isolation to emerge from a single natural population in real time.

scholarly journals No sex differences in learning in wild bumblebees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity Muth ◽  
Amber D Tripodi ◽  
Rene Bonilla ◽  
James P Strange ◽  
Anne S Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Comparative Cognition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Females and males often face different sources of selection, resulting in dimorphism in morphological, physiological, and even cognitive traits. Sex differences are often studied in respect to spatial cognition, yet the different ecological roles of males and females might shape cognition in multiple ways. For example, in dietary generalist bumblebees (Bombus), the ability to learn associations is critical to female workers, who face informationally rich foraging scenarios as they collect nectar and pollen from thousands of flowers over a period of weeks to months to feed the colony. While male bumblebees likely need to learn associations as well, they only forage for themselves while searching for potential mates. It is thus less clear whether foraging males would benefit from the same associative learning performance as foraging females. In this system, as in others, cognitive performance is typically studied in lab-reared animals under captive conditions, which may not be representative of patterns in the wild. In the first test of sex and species differences in cognition using wild bumblebees, we compared the performance of Bombus vancouverensis nearcticus (formerly bifarius) and Bombus vosnesenskii of both sexes on an associative learning task at Sierra Nevada (CA) field sites. Across both species, we found that males and females did not differ in their ability to learn, although males were slower to respond to the sucrose reward. These results offer the first evidence from natural populations that male bumblebees may be equally as able to learn associations as females, supporting findings from captive colonies of commercial bees. The observed interspecific variation in learning ability opens the door to using the Bombus system to test hypotheses about comparative cognition.

scholarly journals Cultural traditions and the evolution of reproductive isolation: ecological speciation in killer whales?

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
RÜDIGER RIESCH ◽  
LANCE G. BARRETT-LENNARD ◽  
GRAEME M. ELLIS ◽  
JOHN K. B. FORD ◽  
VOLKER B. DEECKE
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Cultural Traditions

Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal Altered Lipid Metabolism in Mouse Placentas Exposed to Alcohol

Placenta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. e33
Author(s):  
Sze Ting (Cecilia) Kwan ◽  
Manjot Virdee ◽  
Nipun Saini ◽  
Kaylee Helfrich ◽  
Susan Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Altered Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Altered Lipid ◽  
Integrated Metabolomics

The Decline of the Immune Response during Aging: the Role of an Altered Lipid Metabolism

1991 ◽  
Vol 621 (1 Physiological) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORG WICK ◽  
LUKAS A. HUBER ◽  
XU QING-BO ◽  
ELMAR JAROSCH ◽  
DIETHER SCHÖNITZER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Altered Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Altered Lipid

scholarly journals Population and reproductive traits of a freshwater amphipod (Crustacea, Peracarida, Hyalellidae) from northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela da Silva Castiglioni ◽  
Marcio Limberger ◽  
Vanessa da Silva Castro ◽  
Francieli Ubessi
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Natural Pond ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anthropic Influence ◽  
Almost All

Abstract The study of population and reproductive traits provides information about the ecological structure of natural populations. This study aimed to characterize dynamics and reproductive traits of Hyalella palmeirensis from a natural pond from southern Brazil. The amphipods were sampled monthly (August 2012 to July 2013) by a person with the aid of a hand net for 20 minutes. Ovigerous females and pre-copulatory pairs were individualized in the field. A total of 12,325 individuals were sampled, being 1,421 males, 6,983 females (including 215 ovigerous females) and 3,921 juveniles. Paired and unpaired males were significantly greater in size than females. There was a positive correlation between body size (CL) of paired males and females. Males and females showed bimodal distribution. Total sex ratio favored females, and these were more frequent in almost all months. Ovigerous females and precopulatory pairs were found throughout the year, but with high frequency in winter and autumn, respectively, characterizing a seasonal reproduction. Juveniles were sampled throughout the year, with greater intensity in the spring. The mean fecundity was 19.6 ± 4.34 eggs. No reduction in the number of eggs was observed during embryonic development. The results observed in H. palmeirensis demonstrate that this species has a population and reproductive dynamics very similar to other species of Hyalella already analyzed in southern Brazil. Moreover, it can be seen that although the H. palmeirensis occurs in an environment with anthropic influence (soy cultivation,) the population is managing to remain in the area, with reproduction and recruitment in most months of year.

scholarly journals Relationship between some variables of protein profile and indicators of lipomobilization in dairy cows after calving

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csilla Tóthová ◽  
Oskar Nagy ◽  
Gabriel Kováč
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Altered Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Altered Lipid

Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of the main indicators of lipomobilization and selected variables of protein profile in dairy cows after calving, including immunoglobulins and acute phase proteins, as well as to evaluate the relationships between the altered lipid metabolism and changes in protein profile. Into the evaluation we included 54 clinically healthy dairy cows of a Slovak spotted breed, low-land black spotted breed and their crossbreeds in the period of 1-2 weeks after parturition. Blood samples were analysed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, mmol/l), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB, mmol/l), total proteins (TP, g/l), albumin (Alb, g/l), immunoglobulin G (IgG, g/l), haptoglobin (Hp, g/l) and serum amyloid A (SAA, mg/l). In cows with concentrations of NEFA above 0.35 mmol/l (n=20) we found significantly lower mean serum concentrations of total proteins, albumin and IgG than in cows with serum NEFA concentrations below 0.35 mmol/l (n=34) (P<0.001). On the other hand, cows with higher values of NEFA showed significantly higher mean concentrations of BHB, Hp and SAA (P<0.001). The concentrations of NEFA significantly negatively correlated with the values of TP (P<0.001), albumin (P<0.01) and IgG (P<0.001). Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of NEFA and BHB, Hp, as well as SAA (P<0.001). Similar correlations were also found between the values of BHB and the variables of protein profile except for albumin. This study indicates strong relationships between NEFA and selected variables of protein profile in cows after parturition.

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