scholarly journals Direct and latent effects of ocean acidification on the transition of a sea urchin from planktonic larva to benthic juvenile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narimane Dorey ◽  
Emanuela Butera ◽  
Nadjejda Espinel-Velasco ◽  
Sam Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Latent Effects

Ongoing ocean acidification (OA) is expected to affect marine organisms and ecosystems. While sea urchins can survive a wide range of pH, this comes at a high energetic cost, and early life stages are particularly vulnerable. Information on how OA affects transitions between life-history stages is scarce. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of pH (pHT 8.0, 7.6 and 7.2) on the development and transition between life-history stages of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, from fertilization to early juvenile. Continuous exposure to low pH negatively affected larval mortality and growth. At pH 7.2, formation of the rudiment (the primordial juvenile) was delayed by two days. Larvae raised at pH 8.0 and transferred to 7.2 after competency had mortality rates five to six times lower than those kept at 8.0, indicating that pH also has a direct effect on older, competent larvae. Latent effects were visible on the larvae raised at pH 7.6: they were more successful in settling (45%) and metamorphosing (30%) than larvae raised at 8.0 (17 and 1% respectively). These direct and indirect effects of OA on settlement and metamorphosis have important implications for population survival.

Ocean acidification induces distinct transcriptomic responses across life history stages of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (23) ◽  
pp. 4618-4636
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Devens ◽  
Phillip L. Davidson ◽  
Dione J. Deaker ◽  
Kathryn E. Smith ◽  
Gregory A. Wray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Heliocidaris Erythrogramma ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Transcriptomic Responses

Limited Arsenic Dispersion in Sea Water, Sediments, and Biota Near a Continuous Source

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Penrose ◽  
Robert Black ◽  
Michael J. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Total Arsenic ◽  
Mine Site ◽  
Continuous Source

Moreton’s Harbour, Newfoundland, has been exposed to arsenic-bearing drainage and leaching from a stibnite mine for at least 38 yr and possibly longer than 84 yr. Measurements of inorganic arsenic in sea water and sediments and total arsenic in some marine organisms revealed a very limited influence of continuous exposure to arsenic in the small harbor. Arsenic concentrations in surface water declined to normal within 200 m, and in sediments within 50 m. Animals did not show significantly higher levels nearer the mine, with the exception of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, which accumulated significantly higher levels of arsenic adjacent to the mine site.

Direct and indirect effects of near-future pCO2 levels on zooplankton dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric L. Meunier ◽  
María Algueró-Muñiz ◽  
Henriette G. Horn ◽  
Julia A. F. Lange ◽  
Maarten Boersma
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Oxyrrhis Marina ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Zooplankton Growth ◽  
Seawater Pco2

Ocean acidification has direct physiological effects on organisms, for example by dissolving the calcium carbonate structures of calcifying species. However, non-calcifiers may also be affected by changes in seawater chemistry. To disentangle the direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification on zooplankton growth, we undertook a study with two model organisms. Specifically, we investigated the individual effects of short-term exposure to high and low seawater pCO2, and different phytoplankton qualities as a result of different CO2 incubations on the growth of a heterotrophic dinoflagellate (Oxyrrhis marina) and a copepod species (Acartia tonsa). It was observed previously that higher CO2 concentrations can decrease phytoplankton food quality in terms of carbon:nutrient ratios. We therefore expected both seawater pCO2 (pH) and phytoplankton quality to result in decreased zooplankton growth. Although we expected lowest growth rates for all zooplankton under high seawater pCO2 and low algal quality, we found that direct pH effects on consumers seem to be of lesser importance than the associated decrease in algal quality. The decrease in the quality of primary producers under high pCO2 conditions negatively affected zooplankton growth, which may lead to lower availability of food for the next trophic level and thus potentially affect the recruitment of higher trophic levels.

Direct and indirect effects of metal stress on physiology and life history variation in field populations of a lycosid spider

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1489-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debbie Eraly ◽  
Frederik Hendrickx ◽  
Thierry Backeljau ◽  
Lieven Bervoets ◽  
Luc Lens
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Metal Stress ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Life History Variation

scholarly journals In situ developmental responses of tropical sea urchin larvae to ocean acidification conditions at naturally elevated p CO 2 vent sites

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1843) ◽  
pp. 20161506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles D. Lamare ◽  
Michelle Liddy ◽  
Sven Uthicke
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Developmental Responses

Laboratory experiments suggest that calcifying developmental stages of marine invertebrates may be the most ocean acidification (OA)-sensitive life-history stage and represent a life-history bottleneck. To better extrapolate laboratory findings to future OA conditions, developmental responses in sea urchin embryos/larvae were compared under ecologically relevant in situ exposures on vent-elevated p CO 2 and ambient p CO 2 coral reefs in Papua New Guinea. Echinometra embryos/larvae were reared in meshed chambers moored in arrays on either venting reefs or adjacent non-vent reefs. After 24 and 48 h, larval development and morphology were quantified. Compared with controls (mean pH (T) = 7.89–7.92), larvae developing in elevated p CO 2 vent conditions (pH (T) = 7.50–7.72) displayed a significant reduction in size and increased abnormality, with a significant correlation of seawater pH with both larval size and larval asymmetry across all experiments. Reciprocal transplants (embryos from vent adults transplanted to control conditions, and vice versa ) were also undertaken to identify if adult acclimatization can translate resilience to offspring (i.e. transgenerational processes). Embryos originating from vent adults were, however, no more tolerant to reduced pH. Sea temperature and chlorophyll- a concentrations (i.e. larval nutrition) did not contribute to difference in larval size, but abnormality was correlated with chlorophyll levels. This study is the first to examine the response of marine larvae to OA scenarios in the natural environment where, importantly, we found that stunted and abnormal development observed in situ are consistent with laboratory observations reported in sea urchins, in both the direction and magnitude of the response.

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