scholarly journals In situ developmental responses of tropical sea urchin larvae to ocean acidification conditions at naturally elevated p CO 2 vent sites

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1843) ◽  
pp. 20161506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles D. Lamare ◽  
Michelle Liddy ◽  
Sven Uthicke
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Developmental Responses

Laboratory experiments suggest that calcifying developmental stages of marine invertebrates may be the most ocean acidification (OA)-sensitive life-history stage and represent a life-history bottleneck. To better extrapolate laboratory findings to future OA conditions, developmental responses in sea urchin embryos/larvae were compared under ecologically relevant in situ exposures on vent-elevated p CO 2 and ambient p CO 2 coral reefs in Papua New Guinea. Echinometra embryos/larvae were reared in meshed chambers moored in arrays on either venting reefs or adjacent non-vent reefs. After 24 and 48 h, larval development and morphology were quantified. Compared with controls (mean pH (T) = 7.89–7.92), larvae developing in elevated p CO 2 vent conditions (pH (T) = 7.50–7.72) displayed a significant reduction in size and increased abnormality, with a significant correlation of seawater pH with both larval size and larval asymmetry across all experiments. Reciprocal transplants (embryos from vent adults transplanted to control conditions, and vice versa ) were also undertaken to identify if adult acclimatization can translate resilience to offspring (i.e. transgenerational processes). Embryos originating from vent adults were, however, no more tolerant to reduced pH. Sea temperature and chlorophyll- a concentrations (i.e. larval nutrition) did not contribute to difference in larval size, but abnormality was correlated with chlorophyll levels. This study is the first to examine the response of marine larvae to OA scenarios in the natural environment where, importantly, we found that stunted and abnormal development observed in situ are consistent with laboratory observations reported in sea urchins, in both the direction and magnitude of the response.

scholarly journals Impact of CO<sub>2</sub>-driven ocean acidification on invertebrates early life-history – What we know, what we need to know and what we can do

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3109-3131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dupont ◽  
M. C. Thorndyke
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract. As a consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2, the world's oceans are becoming more acidic and the rate of change is increasingly fast. This ocean acidification is expected to have significant physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences at many organizational levels of marine biodiversity. Alarmingly little is known about the long term impact of predicted pH changes (a decrease of −0.3/−0.4 units for the end of this century) on marine invertebrates in general and their early developmental stages in particular, which are believed to be the more sensitive to environmental disturbances, are essential as unit of selection, recruitment and population maintenance. Ocean acidification (OA) research is in its infancy and although the field is moving forward rapidly, good data are still scarce. Available data reveal contradictory results and apparent paradoxes. In this article, we will review available information both from published sources and work in progress, drawing a general picture of what is currently known, with an emphasis on early life-history larval stages. We will also discuss what we need to know in a field with very limited time resources to obtain data and where there is a high expectation that the scientific community should rapidly be able to provide clear answers that help politicians and the public to take action. We will also provide some suggestions about what can be done to protect and rescue future ecosystems.

Ocean acidification induces distinct transcriptomic responses across life history stages of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (23) ◽  
pp. 4618-4636
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Devens ◽  
Phillip L. Davidson ◽  
Dione J. Deaker ◽  
Kathryn E. Smith ◽  
Gregory A. Wray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Heliocidaris Erythrogramma ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Transcriptomic Responses

Heterochrony in brontothere horn evolution: allometric interpretations and the effect of life history scaling

Paleobiology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Bales
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Allometric Model ◽  
Absolute Time ◽  
Horn Growth ◽  
Time Frames

The Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) are often used as an illustration of vertebrate macroevolutionary trends because their morphological evolution includes significant size increases accompanied by the disproportionate lengthening of bony frontonasal horns. The positive phylogenetic allometry for horn length vs. skull length is among the strongest known of such relationships in vertebrate phylogeny. Hypotheses explaining the change from small, incipient horns in Eocene ancestors to longer horns in Oligocene descendants have included two heterochronic mechanisms, hypermorphosis (extrapolation) and predisplacement (earlier onset time of horn growth). These proposed peramorphic mechanisms derive from interpretation of adult intergeneric allometries in logarithmic data spaces. Analysis of the raw (unlogged) data shows that the simple allometric model previously used is not an appropriate model for this specific problem. The heterochronic interpretations derived from them are therefore unsupported (but not disproven) by the allometries. A more appropriate allometric model for the data (full model) does not support any heterochronic interpretation. Previously unaccounted for in the heterochronic hypotheses is a complication due to body-size scaling effects on life history stage lengths. Neontological scaling patterns suggest that brontothere size increases were probably accompanied by increasing life spans and longer developmental stages. This effect broadens the types of heterochronies that may be postulated. Semiquantitative analyses comparing brontotheres with similarly sized extant ungulates show the hypothesized effect of larger size on brontothere life history stages. A scaled descendant ontogeny introduces the problem of relative vs. absolute time frames within which to view ontogenetic onset times. Thus, predisplacements, postdisplacements, or nondisplacements may be viewed as relative or absolute with respect to ancestral ontogenies. This raises a fundamental question about how development scales, which in turn affects how heterochronies are interpreted. A scaling effect suggests that brontothere horns are more likely postdisplaced in the traditional absolute time sense. Paradoxically then, while the descendant adult horn is peramorphic, its onset time may have shifted in a paedomorphic direction. Data for two Oligocene juvenile brontotheres suggest that most horn growth occurred late in their longer (i.e., descendant) ontogenies (hypermorphosis), and that the horns probably grew at faster rates (acceleration) than in Eocene taxa.

scholarly journals Transgenerational responses of molluscs and echinoderms to changing ocean conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline M. Ross ◽  
Laura Parker ◽  
Maria Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract We are beginning to understand how the larvae of molluscs and echinoderms with complex life cycles will be affected by climate change. Early experiments using short-term exposures suggested that larvae in oceans predicted to increase in acidification and temperature will be smaller in size, take longer to develop, and have a greater incidence of abnormal development. More realistic experiments which factored in the complex life cycles of molluscs and echinoderms found impacts not as severe as predicted. This is because the performance of one life history stage led to a significant carryover effect on the subsequent life history stage. Carryover effects that arise within a generation, for example, embryonic and larval stages, can influence juvenile and adult success. Carryover effects can also arise across a generation, known as transgenerational plasticity (TGP). A transgenerational response or TGP can be defined as a phenotypic change in offspring in response to the environmental stress experienced by a parent before fertilization. In the small number of experiments which have measured the transgenerational response of molluscs and echinoderms to elevated CO2, TGP has been observed in the larval offspring. If we are to safeguard ecological and economically significant mollusc and echinoderm species against climate change then we require more knowledge of the impacts that carryover effects have within and across generations as well as an understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for such adaptation.

scholarly journals Ocean pH fluctuations affect mussel larvae at key developmental transitions

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1893) ◽  
pp. 20182381 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kapsenberg ◽  
A. Miglioli ◽  
M. C. Bitter ◽  
E. Tambutté ◽  
R. Dumollard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Larval Shell ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Seawater Chemistry ◽  
The Impact

Coastal marine ecosystems experience dynamic fluctuations in seawater carbonate chemistry. The importance of this variation in the context of ocean acidification requires knowing what aspect of variability biological processes respond to. We conducted four experiments (ranging from 3 to 22 days) with different variability regimes (pH T 7.4–8.1) assessing the impact of diel fluctuations in carbonate chemistry on the early development of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis . Larval shell growth was consistently correlated to mean exposures, regardless of variability regimes, indicating that calcification responds instantaneously to seawater chemistry. Larval development was impacted by timing of exposure, revealing sensitivity of two developmental processes: development of the shell field, and transition from the first to the second larval shell. Fluorescent staining revealed developmental delay of the shell field at low pH, and abnormal development thereof was correlated with hinge defects in D-veligers. This study shows, for the first time, that ocean acidification affects larval soft-tissue development, independent from calcification. Multiple developmental processes additively underpin the teratogenic effect of ocean acidification on bivalve larvae. These results explain why trochophores are the most sensitive life-history stage in marine bivalves and suggest that short-term variability in carbonate chemistry can impact early larval development.

scholarly journals Molecular basis of ocean acidification sensitivity and adaptation in Mytilus galloprovincialis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Kapsenberg ◽  
Mark Christopher Bitter ◽  
Angelica Miglioli ◽  
Carles Pelejero ◽  
Jean-Pierre Gattuso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Globally Distributed

One challenge in global change biology is to identify the mechanisms underpinning physiological sensitivities to environmental change and to predict their potential to adapt to future conditions. Using ocean acidification as the representative stressor, molecular pathways associated with abnormal larval development of a globally distributed marine mussel are identified. The targeted developmental stage was the trochophore stage, which is, for a few hours, pH sensitive and is the main driver of developmental success. RNA sequencing and in situ RNA hybridization were used to identify processes associated with abnormal development, and DNA sequencing was used to identify which processes evolve when larvae are exposed to low pH for the full duration of their larval stage. Trochophores exposed to low pH exhibited 43 differentially expressed genes. Thirteen genes, none of which have previously been identified in mussel trochophores, including three unknown genes, were expressed in the shell field. Gene annotation and in situ hybridization point to two core processes associated with the response to low pH: development of the trochophore shell field and the cellular stress response. Encompassing both of these processes, five genes demonstrated changes in allele frequency that are indicative of rapid adaptation. Thus, genes underpinning the most pH-sensitive developmental processes also exhibit scope to adapt via genetic variation currently maintained in the mussel population. These results provide evidence that protecting existing genetic diversity is a critical management action to maximize the potential for rapid adaptation under a changing environment.

scholarly journals Direct and latent effects of ocean acidification on the transition of a sea urchin from planktonic larva to benthic juvenile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narimane Dorey ◽  
Emanuela Butera ◽  
Nadjejda Espinel-Velasco ◽  
Sam Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Latent Effects

Ongoing ocean acidification (OA) is expected to affect marine organisms and ecosystems. While sea urchins can survive a wide range of pH, this comes at a high energetic cost, and early life stages are particularly vulnerable. Information on how OA affects transitions between life-history stages is scarce. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of pH (pHT 8.0, 7.6 and 7.2) on the development and transition between life-history stages of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, from fertilization to early juvenile. Continuous exposure to low pH negatively affected larval mortality and growth. At pH 7.2, formation of the rudiment (the primordial juvenile) was delayed by two days. Larvae raised at pH 8.0 and transferred to 7.2 after competency had mortality rates five to six times lower than those kept at 8.0, indicating that pH also has a direct effect on older, competent larvae. Latent effects were visible on the larvae raised at pH 7.6: they were more successful in settling (45%) and metamorphosing (30%) than larvae raised at 8.0 (17 and 1% respectively). These direct and indirect effects of OA on settlement and metamorphosis have important implications for population survival.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

Relationships between temperature and Pacific hake distribution vary across latitude and life-history stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 639 ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Malick ◽  
ME Hunsicker ◽  
MA Haltuch ◽  
SL Parker-Stetter ◽  
AM Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Merluccius Productus ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Environmental conditions can have spatially complex effects on the dynamics of marine fish stocks that change across life-history stages. Yet the potential for non-stationary environmental effects across multiple dimensions, e.g. space and ontogeny, are rarely considered. In this study, we examined the evidence for spatial and ontogenetic non-stationary temperature effects on Pacific hake Merluccius productus biomass along the west coast of North America. Specifically, we used Bayesian additive models to estimate the effects of temperature on Pacific hake biomass distribution and whether the effects change across space or life-history stage. We found latitudinal differences in the effects of temperature on mature Pacific hake distribution (i.e. age 3 and older); warmer than average subsurface temperatures were associated with higher biomass north of Vancouver Island, but lower biomass offshore of Washington and southern Vancouver Island. In contrast, immature Pacific hake distribution (i.e. age 2) was better explained by a nonlinear temperature effect; cooler than average temperatures were associated with higher biomass coastwide. Together, our results suggest that Pacific hake distribution is driven by interactions between age composition and environmental conditions and highlight the importance of accounting for varying environmental effects across multiple dimensions.

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