Direct and indirect effects of near-future pCO2 levels on zooplankton dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric L. Meunier ◽  
María Algueró-Muñiz ◽  
Henriette G. Horn ◽  
Julia A. F. Lange ◽  
Maarten Boersma
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Oxyrrhis Marina ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Zooplankton Growth ◽  
Seawater Pco2

Ocean acidification has direct physiological effects on organisms, for example by dissolving the calcium carbonate structures of calcifying species. However, non-calcifiers may also be affected by changes in seawater chemistry. To disentangle the direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification on zooplankton growth, we undertook a study with two model organisms. Specifically, we investigated the individual effects of short-term exposure to high and low seawater pCO2, and different phytoplankton qualities as a result of different CO2 incubations on the growth of a heterotrophic dinoflagellate (Oxyrrhis marina) and a copepod species (Acartia tonsa). It was observed previously that higher CO2 concentrations can decrease phytoplankton food quality in terms of carbon:nutrient ratios. We therefore expected both seawater pCO2 (pH) and phytoplankton quality to result in decreased zooplankton growth. Although we expected lowest growth rates for all zooplankton under high seawater pCO2 and low algal quality, we found that direct pH effects on consumers seem to be of lesser importance than the associated decrease in algal quality. The decrease in the quality of primary producers under high pCO2 conditions negatively affected zooplankton growth, which may lead to lower availability of food for the next trophic level and thus potentially affect the recruitment of higher trophic levels.

Zooplankton growth and survival differentially respond to interactive warming and acidification effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
Jessica Garzke ◽  
Ulrich Sommer ◽  
Stefanie M H Ismar-Rebitz
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Zooplankton Growth

Abstract The copepod Acartia tonsa is a key component of a wide range of marine ecosystems, linking energy transfer from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels, and has a central role in productivity and biogeochemistry. The interaction of end-of-century global warming and ocean acidification scenarios with testing moderate temperature effects on a seminatural copepod community is needed to understand future community functioning. Here, we deployed a mesocosm experimental set-up with a full factorial design using two temperatures (13°C and 19°C) crossed with a pCO2 gradient ranging from ambient (550 μatm) to 3000 μatm. We used the natural bacteria, phyto- and microzooplankton species composition and biomass of the Kiel Bight and tested the response of A. tonsa development, carbon growth, mortality, size and condition. The tested traits were differently affected by the interaction of temperature and acidification. Ocean acidification increased development, carbon growth, size and mortality under the warming scenario of 19°C. At 13°C mortality rates decreased, while carbon growth, size and condition increased with acidification. We conclude from our experimental approach that a single species shows a variety of responses depending on the focal functional trait. Trait-specific mesozooplankton responses need to be further investigated and compared between geographical regions, seasons and taxonomic groups.

scholarly journals High tolerance of microzooplankton to ocean acidification in an Arctic coastal plankton community

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1471-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aberle ◽  
K. G. Schulz ◽  
A. Stuhr ◽  
A. M. Malzahn ◽  
A. Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine biota have been observed in a wide range of marine systems. We used a mesocosm approach to study the response of a high Arctic coastal microzooplankton community during the post-bloom period in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) to direct and indirect effects of high pCO2/low pH. We found almost no direct effects of OA on microzooplankton composition and diversity. Both the relative shares of ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates as well as the taxonomic composition of microzooplankton remained unaffected by changes in pCO2/pH. Although the different pCO2 treatments affected food availability and phytoplankton composition, no indirect effects (e.g. on the total carrying capacity and phenology of microzooplankton) could be observed. Our data point to a high tolerance of this Arctic microzooplankton community to changes in pCO2/pH. Future studies on the impact of OA on plankton communities should include microzooplankton in order to test whether the observed low sensitivity to OA is typical for coastal communities where changes in seawater pH occur frequently.

Direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification and warming on a marine plant–herbivore interaction

Oecologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 173 (3) ◽  
pp. 1113-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair G. B. Poore ◽  
Alexia Graba-Landry ◽  
Margaux Favret ◽  
Hannah Sheppard Brennand ◽  
Maria Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Marine Plant ◽  
Plant Herbivore Interaction ◽  
Plant Herbivore ◽  
Herbivore Interaction

scholarly journals High tolerance of protozooplankton to ocean acidification in an Arctic coastal plankton community

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 13031-13051 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aberle ◽  
K. G. Schulz ◽  
A. Stuhr ◽  
A. Ludwig ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine biota have been observed in a wide range of marine systems. We used a mesocosm approach to study the response of a high Arctic coastal protozooplankton (PZP in the following) community during the post-bloom period in the Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) to direct and indirect effects of high pCO2/low pH. We found almost no direct effects of OA on PZP composition and diversity. Both, the relative shares of ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates as well as the taxonomic composition of protozoans remained unaffected by changes in pCO2/pH. The different pCO2 treatments did not have any effect on food availability and phytoplankton composition and thus no indirect effects e.g. on the total carrying capacity and phenology of PZP could be observed. Our data points at a high tolerance of this Arctic PZP community to changes in pCO2/pH. Future studies on the impact of OA on plankton communities should include PZP in order to test whether the observed low sensitivity of protozoans to OA is typical for coastal communities where changes in seawater pH occur frequently.

Time is of the essence: direct and indirect effects of plant ontogenetic trajectories on higher trophic levels

Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 2589-2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Quintero ◽  
Evan C. Lampert ◽  
M. Deane Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Ontogenetic Trajectories

scholarly journals Direct and latent effects of ocean acidification on the transition of a sea urchin from planktonic larva to benthic juvenile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narimane Dorey ◽  
Emanuela Butera ◽  
Nadjejda Espinel-Velasco ◽  
Sam Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Droebachiensis ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Latent Effects

Ongoing ocean acidification (OA) is expected to affect marine organisms and ecosystems. While sea urchins can survive a wide range of pH, this comes at a high energetic cost, and early life stages are particularly vulnerable. Information on how OA affects transitions between life-history stages is scarce. We evaluated the direct and indirect effects of pH (pHT 8.0, 7.6 and 7.2) on the development and transition between life-history stages of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, from fertilization to early juvenile. Continuous exposure to low pH negatively affected larval mortality and growth. At pH 7.2, formation of the rudiment (the primordial juvenile) was delayed by two days. Larvae raised at pH 8.0 and transferred to 7.2 after competency had mortality rates five to six times lower than those kept at 8.0, indicating that pH also has a direct effect on older, competent larvae. Latent effects were visible on the larvae raised at pH 7.6: they were more successful in settling (45%) and metamorphosing (30%) than larvae raised at 8.0 (17 and 1% respectively). These direct and indirect effects of OA on settlement and metamorphosis have important implications for population survival.

scholarly journals Caprellid amphipods (Caprella spp.) are vulnerable to both physiological and habitat-mediated effects of ocean acidification

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily G. Lim ◽  
Christopher D.G. Harley
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Biogenic Habitat ◽  
Experimental Acidification ◽  
Caprella Mutica

Ocean acidification (OA) is one of the most significant threats to marine life, and is predicted to drive important changes in marine communities. Although OA impacts will be the sum of direct effects mediated by alterations of physiological rates and indirect effects mediated by shifts in species interactions and biogenic habitat provision, direct and indirect effects are rarely considered together for any given species. Here, we assess the potential direct and indirect effects of OA on a ubiquitous group of crustaceans: caprellid amphipods (Caprella laeviuscula and Caprella mutica). Direct physiological effects were assessed by measuring caprellid heart rate in response to acidification in the laboratory. Indirect effects were explored by quantifying caprellid habitat dependence on the hydroid Obelia dichotoma, which has been shown to be less abundant under experimental acidification. We found that OA resulted in elevated caprellid heart rates, suggestive of increased metabolic demand. We also found a strong, positive association between caprellid population size and the availability of OA-vulnerable O. dichotoma, suggesting that future losses of biogenic habitat may be an important indirect effect of OA on caprellids. For species such as caprellid amphipods, which have strong associations with biogenic habitat, a consideration of only direct or indirect effects could potentially misestimate the full impact of ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Potential impacts of ocean acidification on the Puget Sound food web

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shallin Busch ◽  
Chris J. Harvey ◽  
Paul McElhany
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Impacts ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Food Web Model

Abstract Busch, D. S., Harvey, C. J., and McElhany, P. 2013. Potential impacts of ocean acidification on the Puget Sound food web. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 823–833. Ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification (OA) were explored by imposing scenarios designed to mimic OA on a food web model of Puget Sound, a large estuary in northwestern USA. The productivity of functional groups containing mostly calcifiers was decreased while still allowing other species groups to respond to the scenarios in a dynamic way through indirect effects. Results focus on changes in ecosystem services and structure. Sometimes the direct and indirect effects of OA countered each other due to interactions between predators and prey within the food web, leading to little change in the food web. In other cases, direct and indirect effects caused greater change in the food web than anticipated from direct effects alone. Results were strongly affected by the group on which OA was directly imposed, with changes in copepod productivity being the most influential. While there is much uncertainty in our predictions, focusing on the complex interactions among species, and between species and their environment, will yield better understanding of how ecosystems may respond to OA.

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