scholarly journals The dynamics of starvation and recovery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin D. Yeakel ◽  
Christopher P. Kempes ◽  
Sidney Redner
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Structured Model ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Population Extinction ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Energetic Constraints ◽  
Cope’S Rule

The eco-evolutionary dynamics of species are fundamentally linked to the energetic constraints of its constituent individuals. Of particular importance is the interplay between reproduction and the dynamics of starvation and recovery. To elucidate this interplay, we introduce a nutritional state-structured model that incorporates two classes of consumer: nutritionally replete, reproducing consumers, and undernourished, non-reproducing consumers. We obtain strong constraints on starvation and recovery rates by deriving allometric scaling relationships and find that population dynamics are typically driven to a steady state. Moreover, these rates fall within a ‘refuge’ in parameter space, where the probability of population extinction is minimized. We also show that our model provides a natural framework to predict maximum mammalian body size by determining the relative stability of an otherwise homogeneous population to a competing population with altered percent body fat. This framework provides a principled mechanism for a selective driver of Cope’s rule.

scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interconnectedness and modularity

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Nordbotten ◽  
Simon A. Levin ◽  
Eörs Szathmáry ◽  
Nils C. Stenseth
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolution Equation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Trait Space

In this contribution, we develop a theoretical framework for linking microprocesses (i.e., population dynamics and evolution through natural selection) with macrophenomena (such as interconnectedness and modularity within an ecological system). This is achieved by developing a measure of interconnectedness for population distributions defined on a trait space (generalizing the notion of modularity on graphs), in combination with an evolution equation for the population distribution. With this contribution, we provide a platform for understanding under what environmental, ecological, and evolutionary conditions ecosystems evolve toward being more or less modular. A major contribution of this work is that we are able to decompose the overall driver of changes at the macro level (such as interconnectedness) into three components: (i) ecologically driven change, (ii) evolutionarily driven change, and (iii) environmentally driven change.

Heritability, polymorphism, and population dynamics: individual-based eco-evolutionary simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 329-340
Author(s):  
Anna Kuparinen
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Evolutionary Simulations ◽  
Main Message

Contemporary evolution that occurs across ecologically relevant time scales, such as a few generations or decades, can not only change phenotypes but also feed back to demographic parameters and the dynamics of populations. This chapter presents a method to make phenotypic traits evolve in mechanistic individual-based simulations. The method is broadly applicable, as demonstrated through its applications to boreal forest adaptation to global warming, eco-evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing-induced selection in Atlantic cod, and the evolution of age at maturity in Atlantic salmon. The main message of this chapter is that there may be little reason to exclude phenotypic evolution in analyses of population dynamics, as these can be modified by evolutionary changes in life histories. Future challenges will be to integrate rapidly accumulating genomic knowledge and an ecosystem perspective to improve population projections and to better understand the drivers of population dynamics.

scholarly journals Late Pleistocene climate change and population dynamics of Japanese Myodes voles inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1156-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asuka Honda ◽  
Shota Murakami ◽  
Masashi Harada ◽  
Kimiyuki Tsuchiya ◽  
Gohta Kinoshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Cytochrome B ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Glacial Maximum ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B

Abstract The Japanese archipelago is comprised of four main islands—Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu—which contain high mountainous areas that likely allowed for lineage differentiation and population genetic structuring during the climatic changes of the late Pleistocene. Here, we assess the historical background of the evolutionary dynamics of herbivorous red-backed voles (Myodes) in Japan, examining the evolutionary trends of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb) sequence variation. Four apparent signals from rapid expansion events were detected in three species, M. rufocanus and M. rutilus from Hokkaido and M. smithii from central Honshu. Taken together with results from previous studies on Japanese wood mice (Apodemus spp.), three of the expansion events were considered to be associated with predicted bottleneck events at the marine isotope stage (MIS) 4 period, in which glaciers are thought to have expanded extensively, especially at higher elevations. In the late Pleistocene, the possible candidates are transitions MIS 6/5, MIS 4/3, and MIS 2/1, which can be characterized by the cold periods of the penultimate glacial maximum, MIS 4, and the last glacial maximum, respectively. Our data further reveal the genetic footprints of repeated range expansion and contraction in the northern and southern lineages of the vole species currently found in central Honshu, namely M. andersoni and M. smithii, in response to climatic oscillation during the late Pleistocene. The time-dependent evolutionary rates of the mitochondrial Cytb presented here would provide a possible way for assessing population dynamics of cricetid rodents responding to the late Pleistocene environmental fluctuation.

A discrete stage-structured model of California newt population dynamics during a period of drought

2017 ◽  
Vol 414 ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie T. Jones ◽  
William R. Milligan ◽  
Lee B. Kats ◽  
Thomas L. Vandergon ◽  
Rodney L. Honeycutt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Structured Model

scholarly journals Evolutionary game theory for physical and biological scientists. I. Training and validating population dynamics equations

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 20140037 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Liao ◽  
Thea D. Tlsty
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
And Control

Failure to understand evolutionary dynamics has been hypothesized as limiting our ability to control biological systems. An increasing awareness of similarities between macroscopic ecosystems and cellular tissues has inspired optimism that game theory will provide insights into the progression and control of cancer. To realize this potential, the ability to compare game theoretic models and experimental measurements of population dynamics should be broadly disseminated. In this tutorial, we present an analysis method that can be used to train parameters in game theoretic dynamics equations, used to validate the resulting equations, and used to make predictions to challenge these equations and to design treatment strategies. The data analysis techniques in this tutorial are adapted from the analysis of reaction kinetics using the method of initial rates taught in undergraduate general chemistry courses. Reliance on computer programming is avoided to encourage the adoption of these methods as routine bench activities.

A finite element method to solve a population dynamics stage-structured model of intertidal barnacles

2008 ◽  
Vol 214 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula C. Rio Doce ◽  
Regina C. Almeida ◽  
Michel I.da S. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Structured Model ◽  
Element Method

scholarly journals Rapid Anthropocene realignment of allometric scaling rules

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Santini ◽  
Nick J.B. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Energetic Constraints ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe negative relationship between body size and population density (SDR) in mammals is often interpreted as resulting from energetic constraints. In a global change scenario, however, this relationship might be expected to change, given the size-dependent nature of anthropogenic pressures and vulnerability to extinction. Here we test whether the SDR in mammals has changed over the last 50 years. We show that the relationship has shifted down and became shallower, corresponding to a decline in population density of 32-72%, for the largest and smallest mammals, respectively. However, the SDRs become steeper in some groups (e.g. carnivores) and shallower in others (e.g. herbivores). The Anthropocene reorganization of biotic systems is apparent in macroecological relationships that were previously believed to be immutable, reinforcing the notion that biodiversity pattens are contingent upon conditions at the time of investigation. We call for an increased attention on the role of global change on macroecological inferences.

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