Heritability, polymorphism, and population dynamics: individual-based eco-evolutionary simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 329-340
Author(s):  
Anna Kuparinen
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Evolutionary Simulations ◽  
Main Message

Contemporary evolution that occurs across ecologically relevant time scales, such as a few generations or decades, can not only change phenotypes but also feed back to demographic parameters and the dynamics of populations. This chapter presents a method to make phenotypic traits evolve in mechanistic individual-based simulations. The method is broadly applicable, as demonstrated through its applications to boreal forest adaptation to global warming, eco-evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing-induced selection in Atlantic cod, and the evolution of age at maturity in Atlantic salmon. The main message of this chapter is that there may be little reason to exclude phenotypic evolution in analyses of population dynamics, as these can be modified by evolutionary changes in life histories. Future challenges will be to integrate rapidly accumulating genomic knowledge and an ecosystem perspective to improve population projections and to better understand the drivers of population dynamics.

scholarly journals Assessing changes in age and size at maturation in collapsing populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esben Moland Olsen ◽  
George R Lilly ◽  
Mikko Heino ◽  
M Joanne Morgan ◽  
John Brattey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Maturation Age

By estimating probabilistic reaction norms for age and size at maturation, we show that maturation schedules of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Labrador and Newfoundland shifted toward earlier ages and smaller sizes during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when these populations underwent a severe collapse in biomass and subsequently were closed for directed commercial fishing. We also demonstrate that this trend towards maturation at younger ages and smaller sizes is halted and even shows signs of reversal during the closure of the fisheries. In addition, our analysis reveals that males tend to mature earlier and at a smaller size than females and that maturation age and size decrease with increasing latitude. Importantly, the maturation reaction norms presented here are robust to variation in survival and growth (through phenotypic plasticity) and are thus strongly indicative of rapid evolutionary changes in cod maturation as well as of spatial and sex-specific genetic variation. We therefore suggest that maturation reaction norms can provide helpful reference points for managing harvested populations with evolving life histories.

scholarly journals Experimental Design, Population Dynamics, and Diversity in Microbial Experimental Evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram Van den Bergh ◽  
Toon Swings ◽  
Maarten Fauvart ◽  
Jan Michiels
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection

SUMMARYIn experimental evolution, laboratory-controlled conditions select for the adaptation of species, which can be monitored in real time. Despite the current popularity of such experiments, nature's most pervasive biological force was long believed to be observable only on time scales that transcend a researcher's life-span, and studying evolution by natural selection was therefore carried out solely by comparative means. Eventually, microorganisms' propensity for fast evolutionary changes proved us wrong, displaying strong evolutionary adaptations over a limited time, nowadays massively exploited in laboratory evolution experiments. Here, we formulate a guide to experimental evolution with microorganisms, explaining experimental design and discussing evolutionary dynamics and outcomes and how it is used to assess ecoevolutionary theories, improve industrially important traits, and untangle complex phenotypes. Specifically, we give a comprehensive overview of the setups used in experimental evolution. Additionally, we address population dynamics and genetic or phenotypic diversity during evolution experiments and expand upon contributing factors, such as epistasis and the consequences of (a)sexual reproduction. Dynamics and outcomes of evolution are most profoundly affected by the spatiotemporal nature of the selective environment, where changing environments might lead to generalists and structured environments could foster diversity, aided by, for example, clonal interference and negative frequency-dependent selection. We conclude with future perspectives, with an emphasis on possibilities offered by fast-paced technological progress. This work is meant to serve as an introduction to those new to the field of experimental evolution, as a guide to the budding experimentalist, and as a reference work to the seasoned expert.

Hormones and Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Maren N. Vitousek ◽  
Laura A. Schoenle
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Behavior

Hormones mediate the expression of life history traits—phenotypic traits that contribute to lifetime fitness (i.e., reproductive timing, growth rate, number and size of offspring). The endocrine system shapes phenotype by organizing tissues during developmental periods and by activating changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology in response to varying physical and social environments. Because hormones can simultaneously regulate many traits (hormonal pleiotropy), they are important mediators of life history trade-offs among growth, reproduction, and survival. This chapter reviews the role of hormones in shaping life histories with an emphasis on developmental plasticity and reversible flexibility in endocrine and life history traits. It also discusses the advantages of studying hormone–behavior interactions from an evolutionary perspective. Recent research in evolutionary endocrinology has provided insight into the heritability of endocrine traits, how selection on hormone systems may influence the evolution of life histories, and the role of hormonal pleiotropy in driving or constraining evolution.

scholarly journals Landscape resistance constrains hybridization across contact zones in a reproductively and morphologically polymorphic salamander

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Velo-Antón ◽  
André Lourenço ◽  
Pedro Galán ◽  
Alfredo Nicieza ◽  
Pedro Tarroso
Keyword(s):  
Contact Zone ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Landscape Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Differentiation ◽  
Contact Zones

AbstractExplicitly accounting for phenotypic differentiation together with environmental heterogeneity is crucial to understand the evolutionary dynamics in hybrid zones. Species showing intra-specific variation in phenotypic traits that meet across environmentally heterogeneous regions constitute excellent natural settings to study the role of phenotypic differentiation and environmental factors in shaping the spatial extent and patterns of admixture in hybrid zones. We studied three environmentally distinct contact zones where morphologically and reproductively divergent subspecies of Salamandra salamandra co-occur: the pueriparous S. s. bernardezi that is mostly parapatric to its three larviparous subspecies neighbours. We used a landscape genetics framework to: (i) characterise the spatial location and extent of each contact zone; (ii) assess patterns of introgression and hybridization between subspecies pairs; and (iii) examine the role of environmental heterogeneity in the evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones. We found high levels of introgression between parity modes, and between distinct phenotypes, thus demonstrating the evolution to pueriparity alone or morphological differentiation do not lead to reproductive isolation between these highly divergent S. salamandra morphotypes. However, we detected substantial variation in patterns of hybridization across contact zones, being lower in the contact zone located on a topographically complex area. We highlight the importance of accounting for spatial environmental heterogeneity when studying evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones.

Stochastic population dynamics in populations of western terrestrial garter snakes with divergent life histories

Ecology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1658-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Miller ◽  
William R. Clark ◽  
Stevan J. Arnold ◽  
Anne M. Bronikowski
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Stochastic Population Dynamics

scholarly journals Eco-evolutionary dynamics

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1523) ◽  
pp. 1483-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pelletier ◽  
D. Garant ◽  
A.P. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Microevolutionary Change ◽  
Theoretical Developments ◽  
Rapid Evolutionary Change

Evolutionary ecologists and population biologists have recently considered that ecological and evolutionary changes are intimately linked and can occur on the same time-scale. Recent theoretical developments have shown how the feedback between ecological and evolutionary dynamics can be linked, and there are now empirical demonstrations showing that ecological change can lead to rapid evolutionary change. We also have evidence that microevolutionary change can leave an ecological signature. We are at a stage where the integration of ecology and evolution is a necessary step towards major advances in our understanding of the processes that shape and maintain biodiversity. This special feature about ‘eco-evolutionary dynamics’ brings together biologists from empirical and theoretical backgrounds to bridge the gap between ecology and evolution and provide a series of contributions aimed at quantifying the interactions between these fundamental processes.

scholarly journals Perspectives from animal demography on incorporating evolutionary mechanism into plant population dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paniw
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Plant Population Dynamics ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Powerful Approach

AbstractWith a growing number of long-term, individual-based data on natural populations available, it has become increasingly evident that environmental change affects populations through complex, simultaneously occurring demographic and evolutionary processes. Analyses of population-level responses to environmental change must therefore integrate demography and evolution into one coherent framework. Integral projection models (IPMs), which can relate genetic and phenotypic traits to demographic and population-level processes, offer a powerful approach for such integration. However, a rather artificial divide exists in how plant and animal population ecologists use IPMs. Here, I argue for the integration of the two sub-disciplines, particularly focusing on how plant ecologists can diversify their toolset to investigate selection pressures and eco-evolutionary dynamics in plant population models. I provide an overview of approaches that have applied IPMs for eco-evolutionary studies and discuss a potential future research agenda for plant population ecologists. Given an impending extinction crisis, a holistic look at the interacting processes mediating population persistence under environmental change is urgently needed.

Population Dynamics and Life Histories of Foliaceous Corals

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Hughes ◽  
J. B. C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories

Small-scale temporal and spatial variation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) life history

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1111-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara M McIntyre ◽  
Jeffrey A Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Georges Bank ◽  
High Fecundity

Life histories of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Georges Bank differ significantly through time and space. Within the Southern Gulf, fecundity per unit body mass differed by more than 40% over short (2 years) and long (42–45 years) periods of time. Significant variation in size-specific fecundity is also evident among populations: Southern Gulf cod produce almost 30% more eggs per unit body mass than those on Georges Bank, whereas fecundity of Scotian Shelf cod is almost half that of cod in Sydney Bight. Compared with those on Georges Bank, Southern Gulf cod life histories are characterized by high fecundity, late maturity, high gonadosomatic index, and large eggs. Relative to the influence of body size, neither temporal nor spatial differences in fecundity can be attributed to physiological condition, as reflected by liver weight, hepatosomatic index, and Fulton's K. Delayed maturity and higher reproductive allotment among Southern Gulf cod can be explained as selection responses to slower growth, higher prereproductive mortality, and fewer lifetime reproductive events. Patterns of covariation in heritable, fitness-related traits suggest the existence of adaptive variation and evolutionarily significant units at spatial scales considerably smaller than the species range in the Northwest Atlantic.

scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interconnectedness and modularity

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Nordbotten ◽  
Simon A. Levin ◽  
Eörs Szathmáry ◽  
Nils C. Stenseth
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolution Equation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Trait Space

In this contribution, we develop a theoretical framework for linking microprocesses (i.e., population dynamics and evolution through natural selection) with macrophenomena (such as interconnectedness and modularity within an ecological system). This is achieved by developing a measure of interconnectedness for population distributions defined on a trait space (generalizing the notion of modularity on graphs), in combination with an evolution equation for the population distribution. With this contribution, we provide a platform for understanding under what environmental, ecological, and evolutionary conditions ecosystems evolve toward being more or less modular. A major contribution of this work is that we are able to decompose the overall driver of changes at the macro level (such as interconnectedness) into three components: (i) ecologically driven change, (ii) evolutionarily driven change, and (iii) environmentally driven change.

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