scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary consequences of viral plasticity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Choua ◽  
Juan A. Bonachela
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Host Growth ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Plastic Responses

AbstractViruses can infect any organism. Because viruses use the host machinery to replicate, their performance depends on the host physiological state. For bacteriophages, this host-viral performance link has been characterized empirically and with intracellular theories. Such theories are too detailed to be included in models that study host-phage interactions in the long term, which hinders our understanding of systems that range from pathogens infecting gut bacteria to marine phage shaping present and future oceans. Here, we combined data and models to study the short- and long-term consequences that host physiology has on bacteriophage performance. We compiled data showing the dependence of lytic-phage traits on host growth rate (viral phenotypic “plasticity”) to deduce simple expressions representing such plasticity. We included these expressions in a standard host-phage model, to understand how viral plasticity can break the expected evolutionary trade-off between infection time and viral offspring number. Furthermore, viral plasticity influences dramatically dynamic scenarios (e.g. sudden nutrient pulses or host starvation). We show that the effect of plasticity on offspring number, not generation time, drives the phage ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Standard models do not account for this plasticity, which handicaps their predictability in realistic environments. Our results highlight the importance of viral plasticity to unravel host-phage interactions, and the need of laboratory and field experiments to characterize viral plastic responses across systems.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

scholarly journals Short and long-term evolutionary dynamics of subtelomeric piRNA clusters in Drosophila

DNA Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Asif-Laidin ◽  
Valérie Delmarre ◽  
Jeanne Laurentie ◽  
Wolfgang J. Miller ◽  
Stéphane Ronsseray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Short And Long Term

Adaptation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Adaptive Landscapes ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Different Populations

This chapter outlines how to conceptualize and predict adaptive evolution based on information about selection and genetic variation. It introduces and explains adaptive landscapes, a concept that has proven useful in guiding the understanding of evolution. The chapter also reviews empirical data to answer fundamental questions about adaptation in nature, including to what extent short- and long-term evolution is predictable, how fast is phenotypic change, to what extent is adaptation constrained by genetic variation, and how well adapted natural populations are to their local environments. Moving beyond selection and adaptation within populations, the chapter shows how eco-evolutionary dynamics will be shaped by biological diversity: that is, different populations and species have different effects on their environment.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-term Evolutionary Dynamics of Bacterial Insertion Sequences: Insights from Wolbachia Endosymbionts

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1175-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Cerveau ◽  
Sébastien Leclercq ◽  
Elodie Leroy ◽  
Didier Bouchon ◽  
Richard Cordaux
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Insertion Sequences ◽  
Short And Long Term

Evolutionary epidemiology theory of vaccination

Pertussis ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Evolutionary Epidemiology ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Specific Parasite

The aim of vaccination is to prevent or limit the risk of pathogen infections for individual hosts but large vaccination coverage often has dramatic epidemiological consequences at the scale of the whole host population. This massive perturbation of the ecology and transmission of the pathogen can also have important evolutionary effects. In particular, vaccine-driven evolution may lead to the spread of new pathogen variants that may erode the benefits of vaccination. This chapter presents a theoretical framework for modelling the short- and long-term epidemiological and evolutionary consequences of vaccination. This framework can be used to make quantitative predictions about the speed of such evolutionary processes. This work helps identify the relevant phenotypic traits that need to be measured in specific parasite populations in order to evaluate the potential evolutionary consequences of vaccination. In particular, this may help in the debate regarding the involvement of evolution in the re-emergence of pertussis in spite of the high coverage of vaccination.

scholarly journals The evolutionary epidemiology of vaccination

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (16) ◽  
pp. 803-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Gandon ◽  
Troy Day
Keyword(s):  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Parasite Fitness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Evolutionary Epidemiology ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Parasite Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Specific Parasite

Vaccination leads to dramatic perturbations of the environment of parasite populations and this can have both demographic and evolutionary consequences. We present a theoretical framework for modelling the short- and long-term epidemiological and evolutionary consequences of vaccination. This framework integrates previous theoretical studies of vaccine-induced parasite evolution, and it allows one to make some useful qualitative predictions regarding the outcome of the competition between different types of vaccine-favoured variants. It can also be used to make quantitative predictions about the speed of such evolutionary processes. This work may help define the relevant parameters that need to be measured in specific parasite populations in order to evaluate the potential evolutionary consequences of vaccination. In particular, we argue that more work should be done evaluating the nature and magnitude of parasite fitness costs associated with adaptation to vaccinated hosts.

scholarly journals Spatial evolutionary epidemiology of spreading epidemics

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1841) ◽  
pp. 20161170 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lion ◽  
S. Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Spatial Moment ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Epidemiology ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Host Parasite

Most spatial models of host–parasite interactions either neglect the possibility of pathogen evolution or consider that this process is slow enough for epidemiological dynamics to reach an equilibrium on a fast timescale. Here, we propose a novel approach to jointly model the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of spatially structured host and pathogen populations. Starting from a multi-strain epidemiological model, we use a combination of spatial moment equations and quantitative genetics to analyse the dynamics of mean transmission and virulence in the population. A key insight of our approach is that, even in the absence of long-term evolutionary consequences, spatial structure can affect the short-term evolution of pathogens because of the build-up of spatial differentiation in mean virulence. We show that spatial differentiation is driven by a balance between epidemiological and genetic effects, and this quantity is related to the effect of kin competition discussed in previous studies of parasite evolution in spatially structured host populations. Our analysis can be used to understand and predict the transient evolutionary dynamics of pathogens and the emergence of spatial patterns of phenotypic variation.

scholarly journals Conserving Refugia: What Are We Protecting and Why?

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Maurizio Rossetto ◽  
Robert Kooyman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Refugia play an important role in contributing to the conservation of species and communities by buffering environmental conditions over time. As large natural landscapes worldwide are declining and are increasingly threatened by extreme events, critical decision-making in biological conservation depends on improved understanding of what is being protected by refugia and why. We provide three novel definitions for refugia (i.e., persistent, future, and temporary) that incorporate ecological and evolutionary dynamics into a land management decision framework and are applicable across changing temporal and spatial settings. Definitions are supported by identification, core value, and management strategy criteria to assist short- and long-term decision-making. We illustrate these concepts using the World Heritage Gondwana Rainforests (WHGR) of eastern Australia, briefly exploring the spatial and temporal factors that can inform the development of conservation management strategies following the extreme fire events of 2019–2020. For the WHGR, available knowledge can be used to protect critical assets by recognizing and implementing buffer zones and corridor connections, and by undertaking emergency translocations of target species into safe areas that will act as future refugia. More broadly, we suggest that the identification and protection of ecological and evolutionary processes across varying temporal and spatial scales is central to securing improved biodiversity conservation outcomes.

scholarly journals Field experiments show contradictory short- and long-term myrmecochorous plant impacts on seed-dispersing ants

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Warren ◽  
Katherine J. Elliott ◽  
Itamar Giladi ◽  
Joshua R. King ◽  
Mark A. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Short And Long Term

Short and Long-Term Responses to Changes in Hydraulic Loading in a Fixed Denitrifying Biofilm

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 535-544
Author(s):  
M. M. de Mendonca ◽  
J. Silverstein ◽  
N. E. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrate Removal ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Packed Tower ◽  
Hydraulic Loading ◽  
Denitrification Reactor ◽  
Water Field ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Term Response

The long- and short-term effects of hydraulic loading were investigated in a pilot packed tower bioreactor used for denitrifying a groundwater used for drinking water. Field experiments were conducted at hydraulic loading rates of 3.63 and 7.24 m3/hr/m2. The long-term (21 day average) performance of the denitrification reactor and the short-term response (48 hour) to regular air scour are reported here. In summary, an increase in hydraulic loading resulted in a long-term increase in the half-order denitrification rate constant, so that, on average, nitrate removal was maintained in the 5.2 m tower. At the lower hydraulic loading rate (3.63 m3/hr/m2) denitrification performance in the first 48 hours after air scour was maintained; however at twice the hydraulic loading, several days were required to restore the biofilm performance to long-term average levels.

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