scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

Ban, Boom, and Echo! Entrepreneurship and Initial Coin Offerings

2020 ◽  
pp. 104225872094011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Bellavitis ◽  
Douglas Cumming ◽  
Tom Vanacker
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Entrepreneurial Finance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Market Selection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Initial Coin Offerings

Regulatory spillovers occur when regulation in one country affects either the expected regulatory approach and/or entrepreneurial finance markets in other countries. Drawing on institutional theory, we investigate the global implications of a regulatory spillover on entrepreneurship. We argue that regulatory spillovers have both short- and long-term effects on the number and quality of entrepreneurial finance initiatives such as Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). Based on a large-scale sample of ICOs in 108 countries, we find that a regulatory ban of ICOs in one country causes a short-term increase in the number of low-rated ICOs in other countries and a long-term drop in the number of ICOs, especially low-rated, which increases the average ICO rating. That is, a restrictive regulation triggered a process of increased market selection.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN A SUBTROPICAL BRAZILIAN RIVER AFTER AN OIL SPILL

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 701-702
Author(s):  
Bias Marçal de Faria ◽  
Mário César Timmerman ◽  
Eduardo Barcellos Platte ◽  
Mário do Rosário
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Community ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Getulio Vargas ◽  
One Year ◽  
Short Term Effects

ABSTRACT Part of the production of the Refinery Getúlio Vargas (Paraná State, South Brazil), is transported through OLAPA Pipeline to a Marine Terminal in Paranaguá. In February/2001 occurred a displacement of a great amount of land which caused abrupt rupture of the pipeline in km 57, and 57.000 liters of diesel oil was spilled. Despite all efforts of PETROBRAS contingency team, the oil spilled reached 3 rivers (Meio River, Sagrado River and Nhun-diaquara River) and ending at the sea in Antonina Bay. Right after the incident, a monitoring program was established to evaluate short term effects. One year after the incident, long term effects were also evaluated, especially concerning benthic community and ecotoxicology on the rivers affected by the spill, and plant and birds community in region on its influence. The results point short term effects on water chemistry, but those lasted no more than one week. Short and long term effects on birds and benthic community were not detected.

Differential Effects of Worry and Imagery After Exposure to a Stressful Stimulus: A Pilot Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Butler ◽  
Adrian Wells ◽  
Hilary Dewick
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Intrusive Cognitions ◽  
Stressful Stimulus ◽  
Do So

Imagery appears to be associated with higher levels of anxiety than does worry. Borkovec has argued that worry could be a way of avoiding distressing imagery and the associated affect. Thus worry could suppress emotional activation, interfere with emotional processing, and contribute to the maintenance of anxiety. This hypothesis suggests that short and long-term effects of worrying after experiencing a distressing stimulus should differ from the effects of engaging in imagery. In the short term, imagery should maintain anxiety while worry should not do so, or should do so less. In the longer term, worry should be a less successful way of reducing anxiety associated with the stimulus than imagery, and should be followed by a greater number of intrusive cognitions (indicating the relative failure of emotional processing). These predictions were tested by asking subjects to worry, engage in imagery or “settle down” after watching a distressing video. The results were broadly consistent with the hypothesis. Other interpretations are also considered.

scholarly journals Modelling large timescale and small timescale service variability

2019 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-140
Author(s):  
Marco Gribaudo ◽  
Illés Horváth ◽  
Daniele Manini ◽  
Miklós Telek
Keyword(s):  
Service Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Service Time Distribution ◽  
Efficient Computation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Service Unit ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Short Term Variability

Abstract The performance of service units may depend on various randomly changing environmental effects. It is quite often the case that these effects vary on different timescales. In this paper, we consider small and large scale (short and long term) service variability, where the short term variability affects the instantaneous service speed of the service unit and a modulating background Markov chain characterizes the long term effect. The main modelling challenge in this work is that the considered small and long term variation results in randomness along different axes: short term variability along the time axis and long term variability along the work axis. We present a simulation approach and an explicit analytic formula for the service time distribution in the double transform domain that allows for the efficient computation of service time moments. Finally, we compare the simulation results with analytic ones.

scholarly journals INDUSTRIALIZATION AND TRANSPORT IN INDONESIA ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

TRIKONOMIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Short And Long Term

Economic development in a country is indicated by an increase in the number of industrial sectors and other supporting facilities such as transportation. However, there is another impact on developments industrial sectors and transportation, especially environmental degradation. Air pollution is one of the environmental degradation. This research was conducted to determine the short-term and long-term environmental impact of industry and transport in Indonesia. The data analysis method in this research used Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) to see the short-term and long-term effects between research variables. The data used are data on CO2 emissions, the amount of industries and transport in Indonesia from 1965 - 2018. The results showed that the industry had a negative impact on increasing CO2 emissions in the short and long term. Meanwhile, transportation has a positive impact in the short term and a negative impact in the long term.

Short and long-term effects of fire and vegetation cover on four lizard species in Amazonian savannas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika dos Santos Souza ◽  
Albertina P. Lima ◽  
William E. Magnusson ◽  
RICARDO ALEXANDRE KAWASHITA-RIBEIRO ◽  
Rodrigo Ferreira Fadini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Main Effects

Ecological succession in tropical savannas is limited by seasonal fire, which affects habitat quality. Although fire may cause negligible or positive effects on animals occupying savannas, most short-term studies (months to a few years) are based on a single temporal sampling snapshot, and long-term studies (decades) are rare. We sampled four lizard species in Amazonian savannas to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on lizard densities at two temporal scales. In the short-term, we use three sampling snapshots to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on estimated lizard densities over the subsequent 1–5 years. In the long-term, we test the effects of fire and changes in vegetation cover over 21 years on current lizard density differences. In the short-term, species responses were usually consistent with foraging and thermoregulation modes. However, the results were not consistent among species and years, although the variances in species density explained by year as a random factor were generally low. In the long-term, the main effects of fire and vegetation cover show that lizard densities may change spatially, but not necessarily temporarily. Wildfire is a natural resource of savannas and apparently have little impact on resident lizards of that ecosystem.

Early Contact and Maternal-Infant Bonding: One Decade Later

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
Michael E. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Maternal Bonding ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Skin To Skin ◽  
Short Term Effects

In the last decade, there has been considerable speculation concerning the importance of early skin-to-skin contact between parturient mothers and neonates. This contact is viewed as crucial to the occurrence of maternal bonding, which is seen as a precursor of optimal maternal behavior and thus as a necessary antecedent of optimal child development. In the present review, these conclusions are shown to have been based on equivocal findings obtained in methodologically impoverished studies. Although early contact may have modest but beneficial short-term effects in some circumstances, no positive long-term effects have been demonstrated.

scholarly journals The disconcerting potential of online disinformation: Persuasive effects of astroturfing comments and three strategies for inoculation against them

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482090853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zerback ◽  
Florian Töpfl ◽  
Maria Knöpfle
Keyword(s):  
Media Literacy ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sock Puppets ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Communicative Strategy ◽  
Political Opinions ◽  
Short Term Effects

This study is the first to scrutinize the psychological effects of online astroturfing in the context of Russia’s digitally enabled foreign propaganda. Online astroturfing is a communicative strategy that uses websites, “sock puppets,” or social bots to create the false impression that a particular opinion has widespread public support. We exposed N = 2353 subjects to pro-Russian astroturfing comments and tested: (1) their effects on political opinions and opinion certainty and (2) the efficiency of three inoculation strategies to prevent these effects. All effects were investigated across three issues and from a short- and long-term perspective. Results show that astroturfing comments can indeed alter recipients’ opinions, and increase uncertainty, even when subjects are inoculated before exposure. We found exclusively short-term effects of only one inoculation strategy (refutational-same). As these findings imply, preemptive media literacy campaigns should deploy (1) continuous rather than one-time efforts and (2) issue specific rather than abstract inoculation messages.

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