Adaptation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Adaptive Landscapes ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Different Populations

This chapter outlines how to conceptualize and predict adaptive evolution based on information about selection and genetic variation. It introduces and explains adaptive landscapes, a concept that has proven useful in guiding the understanding of evolution. The chapter also reviews empirical data to answer fundamental questions about adaptation in nature, including to what extent short- and long-term evolution is predictable, how fast is phenotypic change, to what extent is adaptation constrained by genetic variation, and how well adapted natural populations are to their local environments. Moving beyond selection and adaptation within populations, the chapter shows how eco-evolutionary dynamics will be shaped by biological diversity: that is, different populations and species have different effects on their environment.

Specific features of long-term domestication of australian crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in conditions of the western part of Russian Federation

2018 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 188-192
Author(s):  
D. I. Shokasheva
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cherax Quadricarinatus ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Adaptive Ability

Natural populations of crayfish are in depression in Russia and local species are not cultivated. In this situation, experimental cultivation of allochtonous australian crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is conducted. This species is distinguished by high reproductive abilities and good consumer properties. It has domesticated in Russia spontaneously and produced 9–10 generations in Astrakhan Region. Certain natural selection in the process of domestication provides adaptive ability of this species to local environments and its capabil­ity to reproduce a viable progeny, so there is no doubts in good prospects of its cultivation in industrial conditions.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal ecological and evolutionary dynamics in natural butterfly populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Zachariah Gompert ◽  
Lauren Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Insect Community ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Greater Yellowstone Area ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Long term studies of wild populations indicate that natural selection can cause rapid and dramatic changes in traits, with spatial and temporal variation in the strength of selection a critical driver of genetic variation in natural populations. In 2012, we began a long term study of genome-wide molecular evolution in populations of the butterfly Lycaeides ideas in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). We aimed to quantify the role of environment-dependent selection on evolution in these populations. Building on previous work, in 2017 we collected new samples, incorporated distance sampling, and surveyed the insect community at each site. We also defined the habitat boundary at anew, eleventh site. Our preliminary analyses suggest that both genetic drift and selection are important drivers in this system.   Featured photo from Figure 1 in report.

Prevalence and Adaptive Impact of Introgression

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel B. Edelman ◽  
James Mallet
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Adaptive Introgression ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Potential Benefits

Alleles that introgressed between species can influence the evolutionary and ecological fate of species exposed to novel environments. Hybrid offspring of different species are often unfit, and yet it has long been argued that introgression can be a potent force in evolution, especially in plants. Over the last two decades, genomic data have increasingly provided evidence that introgression is a critically important source of genetic variation and that this additional variation can be useful in adaptive evolution of both animals and plants. Here, we review factors that influence the probability that foreign genetic variants provide long-term benefits (so-called adaptive introgression) and discuss their potential benefits. We find that introgression plays an important role in adaptive evolution, particularly when a species is far from its fitness optimum, such as when they expand their range or are subject to changing environments. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Short and long-term evolutionary dynamics of subtelomeric piRNA clusters in Drosophila

DNA Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amna Asif-Laidin ◽  
Valérie Delmarre ◽  
Jeanne Laurentie ◽  
Wolfgang J. Miller ◽  
Stéphane Ronsseray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Short And Long Term

Genotoxic Effect of Inhaled Ambient Particulate Matter

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (S5) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
A. S. Boa-Alma ◽  
G. Ramalhinho ◽  
D. Dias ◽  
M. L. Mathias ◽  
P. A Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Micronucleus Assay ◽  
Chromosome Breakage ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Ambient Particulate Matter ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Short And Long Term

In recent years great importance has been given to the adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) in health, and several epidemiological studies correlating the airborne particles with pulmonary injury have been carried out. The adverse effect of short- and long-term expositions to PM can, indeed, cause a variety of effects, from minor effects on the respiratory system to serious oncogenic effects that can lead to precocious death and are considered one of the top environmental public health concerns. Some cytogenetic techniques, as micronucleus assay, allow to detect chromosome breakage and loss by measuring the formation of micronuclei and proved to be a good tool in the evaluation of genotoxic damage induced by PM. Thus genotoxic effects can be evaluated by micronucleus test in order to identify a gradient of potential exposure and to assess environmental monitoring. However, cross investigations involving biomarkers of genotoxicity and electron microscopy PM-induced tracheal and lung damages in natural populations are not common.

scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary consequences of viral plasticity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Choua ◽  
Juan A. Bonachela
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Host Growth ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Plastic Responses

AbstractViruses can infect any organism. Because viruses use the host machinery to replicate, their performance depends on the host physiological state. For bacteriophages, this host-viral performance link has been characterized empirically and with intracellular theories. Such theories are too detailed to be included in models that study host-phage interactions in the long term, which hinders our understanding of systems that range from pathogens infecting gut bacteria to marine phage shaping present and future oceans. Here, we combined data and models to study the short- and long-term consequences that host physiology has on bacteriophage performance. We compiled data showing the dependence of lytic-phage traits on host growth rate (viral phenotypic “plasticity”) to deduce simple expressions representing such plasticity. We included these expressions in a standard host-phage model, to understand how viral plasticity can break the expected evolutionary trade-off between infection time and viral offspring number. Furthermore, viral plasticity influences dramatically dynamic scenarios (e.g. sudden nutrient pulses or host starvation). We show that the effect of plasticity on offspring number, not generation time, drives the phage ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Standard models do not account for this plasticity, which handicaps their predictability in realistic environments. Our results highlight the importance of viral plasticity to unravel host-phage interactions, and the need of laboratory and field experiments to characterize viral plastic responses across systems.

scholarly journals The probability of genetic parallelism and convergence in natural populations

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1749) ◽  
pp. 5039-5047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina L. Conte ◽  
Matthew E. Arnegard ◽  
Catherine L. Peichel ◽  
Dolph Schluter
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Candidate Gene Studies ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Using Data

Genomic and genetic methods allow investigation of how frequently the same genes are used by different populations during adaptive evolution, yielding insights into the predictability of evolution at the genetic level. We estimated the probability of gene reuse in parallel and convergent phenotypic evolution in nature using data from published studies. The estimates are surprisingly high, with mean probabilities of 0.32 for genetic mapping studies and 0.55 for candidate gene studies. The probability declines with increasing age of the common ancestor of compared taxa, from about 0.8 for young nodes to 0.1–0.4 for the oldest nodes in our study. Probability of gene reuse is higher when populations begin from the same ancestor (genetic parallelism) than when they begin from divergent ancestors (genetic convergence). Our estimates are broadly consistent with genomic estimates of gene reuse during repeated adaptation to similar environments, but most genomic studies lack data on phenotypic traits affected. Frequent reuse of the same genes during repeated phenotypic evolution suggests that strong biases and constraints affect adaptive evolution, resulting in changes at a relatively small subset of available genes. Declines in the probability of gene reuse with increasing age suggest that these biases diverge with time.

scholarly journals Long-term dynamics of adaptive evolution in a globally important phytoplankton species to ocean acidification

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. e1501660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lothar Schlüter ◽  
Kai T. Lohbeck ◽  
Joachim P. Gröger ◽  
Ulf Riebesell ◽  
Thorsten B. H. Reusch
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Single Clone ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
Population Sizes

Marine phytoplankton may adapt to ocean change, such as acidification or warming, because of their large population sizes and short generation times. Long-term adaptation to novel environments is a dynamic process, and phenotypic change can take place thousands of generations after exposure to novel conditions. We conducted a long-term evolution experiment (4 years = 2100 generations), starting with a single clone of the abundant and widespread coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyiexposed to three different CO2levels simulating ocean acidification (OA). Growth rates as a proxy for Darwinian fitness increased only moderately under both levels of OA [+3.4% and +4.8%, respectively, at 1100 and 2200 μatm partial pressure of CO2(Pco2)] relative to control treatments (ambient CO2, 400 μatm). Long-term adaptation to OA was complex, and initial phenotypic responses of ecologically important traits were later reverted. The biogeochemically important trait of calcification, in particular, that had initially been restored within the first year of evolution was later reduced to levels lower than the performance of nonadapted populations under OA. Calcification was not constitutively lost but returned to control treatment levels when high CO2–adapted isolates were transferred back to present-day control CO2conditions. Selection under elevated CO2exacerbated a general decrease of cell sizes under long-term laboratory evolution. Our results show that phytoplankton may evolve complex phenotypic plasticity that can affect biogeochemically important traits, such as calcification. Adaptive evolution may play out over longer time scales (>1 year) in an unforeseen way under future ocean conditions that cannot be predicted from initial adaptation responses.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-term Evolutionary Dynamics of Bacterial Insertion Sequences: Insights from Wolbachia Endosymbionts

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1175-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Cerveau ◽  
Sébastien Leclercq ◽  
Elodie Leroy ◽  
Didier Bouchon ◽  
Richard Cordaux
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Insertion Sequences ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals GENE POLYMORPHISM IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA PERSIMILIS

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-520
Author(s):  
Satya Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Glycolytic Pathway ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Chromosome Inversions ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Drosophila Persimilis

ABSTRACT Genetic variation at 43 loci has been studied in six different populations of Drosophila persimilis by electrophoresis of enzymes and proteins. In D. persimilis the mean proportion of polymorphic loci is 0.362, the mean proportion of heterozygous loci per individual is 0.100 and the average number of alleles per locus is 1.651. In all populations, the loci coding for the hydrolytic and other nonspecific enzymes are much more variable than the loci coding for the enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, Kreb's cycle, other specific enzymes and larval proteins. Most loci have similar allele frequency in all populations except the two loci, Amylase and Pt-12, which show a pattern of associations of different alleles with different third chromosome inversions.

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