scholarly journals Spatiotemporal expression of FRIGIDA modulate flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangxiang Kong ◽  
Jinjie Zhao ◽  
Landi Luo ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
Guanxiao Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Fine Tune ◽  
Local Expression

AbstractFRIGIDA (FRI) as the major regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis accessions can activate its target FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) to delay flowering before vernalization. Besides FLC, other FRI targets also exist in Arabidopsis. Although leaves sense environmental cues to modulate flowering time, it is not known if roots also regulate the floral transition. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal effect of FRI on flowering time. Local expression of FRI in the phloem and leaves activated FLC to delay flowering. Furthermore, we found that local expression of FRI in the roots also delayed flowering by activating other targets MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING4 (MAF4) and MAF5 in the roots. Graft and genetic experiments revealed that the spatial expression of FRI in the root might generate a mobile signal, which is transmitted from roots to shoot and antagonizes the FT signal to delay flowering. Specifically expressing FRI in the embryo efficiently delayed flowering, even expressing FRI as early as pro-embryo stage is enough to upregulate FLC expression to delay flowering. Together, our findings confirm the spatiotemporal effect of FRI on delaying flowering, and propose that root tissue also perceives the flowering signal to fine-tune the flowering time through MAF4/5 as novel targets of FRI.HighlightRoot FRIDIGA activated the novel targets MAF4/5 to delay flowering; Temporal expressing FRIGIDA at as early as pro-embryo stage is efficient to delay flowering.

Expression of FRIGIDA in root inhibits flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (19) ◽  
pp. 5101-5114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangxiang Kong ◽  
Landi Luo ◽  
Jinjie Zhao ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
Guanxiao Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Novel Targets

Root FRIGIDA activated the novel targets MAF4/5 to delay flowering; temporal expresson of FRIGIDA as early as at the pro-embryo stage is efficient in delaying flowering.

scholarly journals Fused Graphical Lasso Recovers Flowering Time Mutation Genes in Arabidopsis Thaliana

Inventions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Rajan Kapoor ◽  
Aniruddha Datta ◽  
Michael Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Graphical Lasso ◽  
Analysis Strategy ◽  
Model Plant Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Conventional breeding approaches that focus on yield under highly favorable nutrient conditions have resulted in reduced genetic and trait diversity in crops. Under the growing threat from climate change, the mining of novel genes in more resilient varieties can help dramatically improve trait improvement efforts. In this work, we propose the use of the joint graphical lasso for discovering genes responsible for desired phenotypic traits. We prove its efficiency by using gene expression data for wild type and delayed flowering mutants for the model plant. Arabidopsis thaliana shows that it recovers the mutation causing genes LNK1 and LNK2. Some novel interactions of these genes were also predicted. Observing the network level changes between two phenotypes can also help develop meaningful biological hypotheses regarding the novel functions of these genes. Now that this data analysis strategy has been validated in a model plant, it can be extended to crop plants to help identify the key genes for beneficial traits for crop improvement.

scholarly journals The Role of FLOWERING LOCUS C Relatives in Cereals

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Kennedy ◽  
Koen Geuten
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Flowering Locus C ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Fine Tune

FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is one of the best characterized genes in plant research and is integral to vernalization-dependent flowering time regulation. Yet, despite the abundance of information on this gene and its relatives in Arabidopsis thaliana, the role FLC genes play in other species, in particular cereal crops and temperate grasses, remains elusive. This has been due in part to the comparative reduced availability of bioinformatic and mutant resources in cereals but also on the dominant effect in cereals of the VERNALIZATION (VRN) genes on the developmental process most associated with FLC in Arabidopsis. The strong effect of the VRN genes has led researchers to believe that the entire process of vernalization must have evolved separately in Arabidopsis and cereals. Yet, since the confirmation of the existence of FLC-like genes in monocots, new light has been shed on the roles these genes play in both vernalization and other mechanisms to fine tune development in response to specific environmental conditions. Comparisons of FLC gene function and their genetic and epigenetic regulation can now be made between Arabidopsis and cereals and how they overlap and diversify is coming into focus. With the advancement of genome editing techniques, further study on these genes is becoming increasingly easier, enabling us to investigate just how essential FLC-like genes are to modulating flowering time behavior in cereals.

scholarly journals Capsella rubella TGA4, a bZIP transcription factor, causes delayed flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Maofu Li ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Yuan Yang ◽  
Wanmei Jin
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Bzip Transcription Factor ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Capsella Rubella ◽  
Flowering Regulator ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Flowering time is usually regulated by many environmental factors and endogenous signals. TGA family members are bZIP transcription factors that bind to the octopine synthase element, which has been closely linked to defense/stress responses. Most TGA factors interact with non-expressor of PR1 (NPR1) and plant defense responses are strengthened by this interaction. TGA1and TGA4factors bind to NPR1 only in salicylic acid (SA)-induced leaves, suggesting that TGA4 has another function during plant development. Here, we isolated a bZIP transcription factor gene, TGA4, from Capsella rubella. TGA4transcripts were detected in most tissues, with high expression in leaves, low expression in stems and flowering buds, and undetectable in siliques. CruTGA4was over expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana wild typeCol-0 plants. Flowering time and total leaf number in the transgenic plants showed that overexpression of CruTGA4could delay flowering in A. thaliana. Our findings suggest that TGA4 may act as flowering regulator that controls plant flowering.

scholarly journals Identification of candidate repurposable drugs to combat COVID-19 using a signature-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinead M. O’Donovan ◽  
Ali Imami ◽  
Hunter Eby ◽  
Nicholas D. Henkel ◽  
Justin Fortune Creeden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infected Cell ◽  
Mek Inhibitor ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Candidate Drug ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Bioinformatics Workflow

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 is more contagious than other coronaviruses and has higher rates of mortality than influenza. Identification of effective therapeutics is a crucial tool to treat those infected with SARS-CoV-2 and limit the spread of this novel disease globally. We deployed a bioinformatics workflow to identify candidate drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. Using an “omics” repository, the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS), we simultaneously probed transcriptomic signatures of putative COVID-19 drugs and publicly available SARS-CoV-2 infected cell lines to identify novel therapeutics. We identified a shortlist of 20 candidate drugs: 8 are already under trial for the treatment of COVID-19, the remaining 12 have antiviral properties and 6 have antiviral efficacy against coronaviruses specifically, in vitro. All candidate drugs are either FDA approved or are under investigation. Our candidate drug findings are discordant with (i.e., reverse) SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome signatures generated in vitro, and a subset are also identified in transcriptome signatures generated from COVID-19 patient samples, like the MEK inhibitor selumetinib. Overall, our findings provide additional support for drugs that are already being explored as therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19 and identify promising novel targets that are worthy of further investigation.

scholarly journals Potential transceptor AtNRT1.13 modulates shoot architecture and flowering time in a nitrate-dependent manner

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Yu Chen ◽  
Shan-Hua Lin ◽  
Ling-Hsin Cheng ◽  
Jeng-Jong Wu ◽  
Yi-Chen Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Nitrate Transport ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Shoot Architecture ◽  
Glucuronidase Reporter ◽  
Uptake Activity ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Severe Growth

Abstract Compared with root development regulated by external nutrients, less is known about how internal nutrients are monitored to control plasticity of shoot development. In this study, we characterize an Arabidopsis thaliana transceptor, NRT1.13 (NPF4.4), of the NRT1/PTR/NPF family. Different from most NRT1 transporters, NRT1.13 does not have the conserved proline residue between transmembrane domains 10 and 11; an essential residue for nitrate transport activity in CHL1/NRT1.1/NPF6.3. As expected, when expressed in oocytes, NRT1.13 showed no nitrate transport activity. However, when Ser 487 at the corresponding position was converted back to proline, NRT1.13 S487P regained nitrate uptake activity, suggesting that wild-type NRT1.13 cannot transport nitrate but can bind it. Subcellular localization and β-glucuronidase reporter analyses indicated that NRT1.13 is a plasma membrane protein expressed at the parenchyma cells next to xylem in the petioles and the stem nodes. When plants were grown with a normal concentration of nitrate, nrt1.13 showed no severe growth phenotype. However, when grown under low-nitrate conditions, nrt1.13 showed delayed flowering, increased node number, retarded branch outgrowth, and reduced lateral nitrate allocation to nodes. Our results suggest that NRT1.13 is required for low-nitrate acclimation and that internal nitrate is monitored near the xylem by NRT1.13 to regulate shoot architecture and flowering time.

scholarly journals Disfluencies signal reference to novel objects for adults but not children

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. OWENS ◽  
Justine M. THACKER ◽  
Susan A. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Filled Pauses ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
The Way ◽  
Familiar Objects

AbstractSpeech disfluencies can guide the ways in which listeners interpret spoken language. Here, we examined whether three-year-olds, five-year-olds, and adults use filled pauses to anticipate that a speaker is likely to refer to a novel object. Across three experiments, participants were presented with pairs of novel and familiar objects and heard a speaker refer to one of the objects using a fluent (“Look at the ball/lep!”) or disfluent (“Look at thee uh ball/lep!”) expression. The salience of the speaker's unfamiliarity with the novel referents, and the way in which the speaker referred to the novel referents (i.e., a noun vs. a description) varied across experiments. Three- and five-year-olds successfully identified familiar and novel targets, but only adults’ looking patterns reflected increased looks to novel objects in the presence of a disfluency. Together, these findings demonstrate that adults, but not young children, use filled pauses to anticipate reference to novel objects.

scholarly journals A Composite Analysis of Flowering Time Regulation in Lettuce

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongkui Han ◽  
Maria José Truco ◽  
Dean O. Lavelle ◽  
Richard W. Michelmore
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Functional Inference ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Plants undergo profound physiological changes when transitioning from vegetative to reproductive growth. These changes affect crop production, as in the case of leafy vegetables. Lettuce is one of the most valuable leafy vegetable crops in the world. Past genetic studies have identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect the timing of the floral transition in lettuce. Extensive functional molecular studies in the model organism Arabidopsis provide the opportunity to transfer knowledge to lettuce to explore the mechanisms through which genetic variations translate into changes in flowering time. In this review, we integrated results from past genetic and molecular studies for flowering time in lettuce with orthology and functional inference from Arabidopsis. This summarizes the basis for all known genetic variation underlying the phenotypic diversity of flowering time in lettuce and how the genetics of flowering time in lettuce projects onto the established pathways controlling flowering time in plants. This comprehensive overview reveals patterns across experiments as well as areas in need of further study. Our review also represents a resource for developing cultivars with delayed flowering time.

scholarly journals Barley yield formation under abiotic stress depends on the interplay between flowering time genes and environmental cues

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Wiegmann ◽  
Andreas Maurer ◽  
Anh Pham ◽  
Timothy J. March ◽  
Ayed Al-Abdallat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Wild Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Yield Formation

AbstractSince the dawn of agriculture, crop yield has always been impaired through abiotic stresses. In a field trial across five locations worldwide, we tested three abiotic stresses, nitrogen deficiency, drought and salinity, using HEB-YIELD, a selected subset of the wild barley nested association mapping population HEB-25. We show that barley flowering time genes Ppd-H1, Sdw1, Vrn-H1 and Vrn-H3 exert pleiotropic effects on plant development and grain yield. Under field conditions, these effects are strongly influenced by environmental cues like day length and temperature. For example, in Al-Karak, Jordan, the day length-sensitive wild barley allele of Ppd-H1 was associated with an increase of grain yield by up to 30% compared to the insensitive elite barley allele. The observed yield increase is accompanied by pleiotropic effects of Ppd-H1 resulting in shorter life cycle, extended grain filling period and increased grain size. Our study indicates that the adequate timing of plant development is crucial to maximize yield formation under harsh environmental conditions. We provide evidence that wild barley germplasm, introgressed into elite barley cultivars, can be utilized to improve grain yield. The presented knowledge may be transferred to related crop species like wheat and rice securing the rising global food demand for cereals.

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