scholarly journals Respiration-phased switching between sensory inputs and top-down inputs in the olfactory cortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimiya Narikiyo ◽  
Hiroyuki Manabe ◽  
Yoshihiro Yoshihara ◽  
Kensaku Mori
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Odor Signals ◽  
Oscillatory Current ◽  
Slow Depolarization

Olfactory perception depends on respiration phases: olfactory cortex processes external odor signals during inhalation whereas it is isolated from the external odor world during exhalation. Olfactory cortex pyramidal cells receive the sensory signals via bottom-up pathways terminating on superficial layer (SL) dendrites while they receive top-down inputs on deep layer (DL) dendrites. Here we asked whether olfactory cortex pyramidal cells spontaneously change the action modes of receiving olfactory sensory inputs and receiving top-down inputs in relation to respiration phases. Current source density analysis of local field potentials recorded in three different olfactory cortex areas of waking immobile rats revealed β- and γ-range fast oscillatory current sinks and a slow current sink in the SL during inhalation, whereas it showed β- and γ-range fast oscillatory current sinks and a slow current sink in the DL during exhalation. Sensory deprivation experiments showed that inhalation-phased olfactory sensory inputs drove the inhalation-phased fast oscillatory potentials in the SL but they drove neither the inhalation-phased slow current sink in the SL nor the exhalation-phased slow current sink in the DL. The results indicate that independent of inhalation-phased olfactory sensory inputs, olfactory cortex pyramidal cells spontaneously generate a slow depolarization in the SL dendrites during inhalation, which may selectively boost the concomitant olfactory sensory inputs to elicit spike outputs. In addition, the pyramidal cells spontaneously generate slow depolarization in the DL dendrites during exhalation, which may assist top-down inputs to elicit spike outputs. We thus hypothesize that the olfactory cortical areas coordinately perform inhalation/exhalation-phased switching of input biasing: inhalation phase is the time window for external odor signals that arrive in the SL dendrites, whereas exhalation phase is assigned to boost top-down signals to the DL dendrites that originate in higher brain centers.

scholarly journals Tuning of olfactory cortex ventral tenia tecta neurons to distinct task elements of goal-directed behavior

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuki Shiotani ◽  
Yuta Tanisumi ◽  
Koshi Murata ◽  
Junya Hirokawa ◽  
Yoshio Sakurai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Context ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Odor Coding ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Odor Signals

The ventral tenia tecta (vTT) is a component of the olfactory cortex and receives both bottom-up odor signals and top-down signals. However, the roles of the vTT in odor-coding and integration of inputs are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the involvement of the vTT in these processes by recording the activity from individual vTT neurons during the performance of learned odor-guided reward-directed tasks in mice. We report that individual vTT cells are highly tuned to a specific behavioral epoch of learned tasks, whereby the duration of increased firing correlated with the temporal length of the behavioral epoch. The peak time for increased firing among recorded vTT cells encompassed almost the entire temporal window of the tasks. Collectively, our results indicate that vTT cells are selectively activated during a specific behavioral context and that the function of the vTT changes dynamically in a context-dependent manner during goal-directed behaviors.

scholarly journals Complementary networks of cortical somatostatin interneurons enforce layer specific control

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Naka ◽  
Julia Veit ◽  
Ben Shababo ◽  
Rebecca K Chance ◽  
Davide Risso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Apical Dendrites ◽  
Specific Control

The neocortex is functionally organized into layers. Layer four receives the densest bottom up sensory inputs, while layers 2/3 and 5 receive top down inputs that may convey predictive information. A subset of cortical somatostatin (SST) neurons, the Martinotti cells, gate top down input by inhibiting the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in layers 2/3 and 5, but it is unknown whether an analogous inhibitory mechanism controls activity in layer 4. Using high precision circuit mapping, in vivo optogenetic perturbations, and single cell transcriptional profiling, we reveal complementary circuits in the mouse barrel cortex involving genetically distinct SST subtypes that specifically and reciprocally interconnect with excitatory cells in different layers: Martinotti cells connect with layers 2/3 and 5, whereas non-Martinotti cells connect with layer 4. By enforcing layer-specific inhibition, these parallel SST subnetworks could independently regulate the balance between bottom up and top down input.

Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system?

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Thibaudier ◽  
Marie-France Hurteau
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pattern Generators

Propriospinal pathways are thought to be critical for quadrupedal coordination by coupling cervical and lumbar central pattern generators (CPGs). However, the mechanisms involved in relaying information between girdles remain largely unexplored. Using an in vitro spinal cord preparation in neonatal rats, Juvin and colleagues ( Juvin et al. 2012 ) have recently shown sensory inputs from the hindlimbs have greater influence on forelimb CPGs than forelimb sensory inputs on hindlimb CPGs, in other words, a bottom-up control system. However, results from decerebrate cats suggest a top-down control system. It may be that both bottom-up and top-down control systems exist and that the dominance of one over the other is task or context dependent. As such, the role of sensory inputs in controlling quadrupedal coordination before and after injury requires further investigation.

Postsynaptic Receptive Field Size and Spike Threshold Determine Encoding of High-Frequency Information Via Sensitivity to Synchronous Presynaptic Activity

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1160-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Middleton ◽  
André Longtin ◽  
Jan Benda ◽  
Leonard Maler
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
Neuron Models ◽  
High Frequency Signal ◽  
Unit Spike

Parallel sensory streams carrying distinct information about various stimulus properties have been observed in several sensory systems, including the visual system. What remains unclear is why some of these streams differ in the size of their receptive fields (RFs). In the electrosensory system, neurons with large RFs have short-latency responses and are tuned to high-frequency inputs. Conversely, neurons with small RFs are low-frequency tuned and exhibit longer-latency responses. What principle underlies this organization? We show experimentally that synchronous electroreceptor afferent (P-unit) spike trains selectively encode high-frequency stimulus information from broadband signals. This finding relies on a comparison of stimulus-spike output coherence using output trains obtained by either summing pairs of recorded afferent spike trains or selecting synchronous spike trains based on coincidence within a small time window. We propose a physiologically realistic decoding mechanism, based on postsynaptic RF size and postsynaptic output rate normalization that tunes target pyramidal cells in different electrosensory maps to low- or high-frequency signal components. By driving realistic neuron models with experimentally obtained P-unit spike trains, we show that a small RF is matched with a postsynaptic integration regime leading to responses over a broad range of frequencies, and a large RF with a fluctuation-driven regime that requires synchronous presynaptic input and therefore selectively encodes higher frequencies, confirming recent experimental data. Thus our work reveals that the frequency content of a broadband stimulus extracted by pyramidal cells, from P-unit afferents, depends on the amount of feedforward convergence they receive.

scholarly journals Prior expectations induce prestimulus sensory templates

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (39) ◽  
pp. 10473-10478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kok ◽  
Pim Mostert ◽  
Floris P. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Representational Content ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Neural Signal ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Behavioral Improvement

Perception can be described as a process of inference, integrating bottom-up sensory inputs and top-down expectations. However, it is unclear how this process is neurally implemented. It has been proposed that expectations lead to prestimulus baseline increases in sensory neurons tuned to the expected stimulus, which in turn, affect the processing of subsequent stimuli. Recent fMRI studies have revealed stimulus-specific patterns of activation in sensory cortex as a result of expectation, but this method lacks the temporal resolution necessary to distinguish pre- from poststimulus processes. Here, we combined human magnetoencephalography (MEG) with multivariate decoding techniques to probe the representational content of neural signals in a time-resolved manner. We observed a representation of expected stimuli in the neural signal shortly before they were presented, showing that expectations indeed induce a preactivation of stimulus templates. The strength of these prestimulus expectation templates correlated with participants’ behavioral improvement when the expected feature was task-relevant. These results suggest a mechanism for how predictive perception can be neurally implemented.

The dendritic origins of penicillin-induced epileptogenesis in CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1718-1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Swann ◽  
R. J. Brady ◽  
R. J. Friedman ◽  
E. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Large Current ◽  
Hippocampal Ca3 ◽  
Ca3 Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Negative Field

Experiments were performed in order to identify the sites of epileptiform burst generation in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. A subsequent slow field potential was studied, which is associated with afterdischarge generation. Laminar field potential and current source-density (CSD) methods were employed in hippocampal slices exposed to penicillin. Simultaneous intracellular and extracellular field recordings from the CA3 pyramidal cell body layer showed that whenever an epileptiform burst was recorded extracellularly, individual CA3 neurons underwent an intense depolarization shift. In extracellular records a slow negative field potential invariably followed epileptiform burst generation. In approximately 10% of slices, synchronous afterdischarges rode on the envelope of this negative field potential. Intracellularly a depolarizing afterpotential followed the depolarization shift and was coincident with the extracellular slow negative field potential. A one-dimensional CSD analysis performed perpendicular to the CA3 cell body layer showed that during epileptiform burst generation large current sinks occur simultaneously in the central portions of both the apical and basilar dendrites. The average distance of the peak amplitude for these sinks from the center of the cell body layer was 175 +/- 46.8 microns and 158 +/- 25.0 microns, respectively. A large current source was recorded in the cell body layer. Smaller current sources were observed in the distal portions of the dendritic layers. During the postburst slow field potential a current sink was recorded at the edge of the cell body layer in stratum oriens--a region referred to as the infrapyramidal zone. Simultaneous with the current sink recorded there, smaller sinks were often observed in the dendritic layers that appeared to be "tails" or prolongations of the currents underlying burst generation. Two-dimensional analyses of these field potentials were performed on planes parallel and perpendicular to the exposed surface of the slice. Isopotential contours showed that the direction of extracellular current is mainly orthogonal to the CA3 laminae. Correction of CSD estimates made perpendicular to the cell body layer for current flowing in the other direction did not alter the location of computed current sources and sinks. In order to show that the dendritic currents associated with epileptiform burst generation were active sinks, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was applied locally to the dendrites where the current sinks were recorded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Olfactory Circuitry and Behavioral Decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kensaku Mori ◽  
Hitoshi Sakano
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mitral Cells ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Input Signals ◽  
Tufted Cells ◽  
Odor Signals

In mammals, odor information detected by olfactory sensory neurons is converted to a topographic map of activated glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Mitral cells and tufted cells transmit signals sequentially to the olfactory cortex for behavioral outputs. To elicit innate behavioral responses, odor signals are directly transmitted by distinct subsets of mitral cells from particular functional domains in the olfactory bulb to specific amygdala nuclei. As for the learned decisions, input signals are conveyed by tufted cells as well as by mitral cells to the olfactory cortex. Behavioral scene cells link the odor information to the valence cells in the amygdala to elicit memory-based behavioral responses. Olfactory decision and perception take place in relation to the respiratory cycle. How is the sensory quality imposed on the olfactory inputs for behavioral outputs? How are the two types of odor signals, innate and learned, processed during respiration? Here, we review recent progress on the study of neural circuits involved in decision making in the mouse olfactory system. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 83 is February 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Excitation of hippocampal pyramidal cells by an electrical field effect

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Taylor ◽  
F. E. Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Extracellular Recording ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Adjacent Cell ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Population Spikes

The effects of electrical fields from antidromic stimulation of CA1 pyramidal cells were studied in slices of rat hippocampus in which chemical synaptic transmission had been blocked by superfusion with physiological solution containing Mn2+ and lowered concentration of Ca2+. Differential voltage recordings were made between two microelectrode positions, on intracellular to a pyramidal cell and the other in the adjacent extracellular space. This technique revealed brief transmembrane depolarizations that occurred synchronously with negative-going extracellular population spikes in the adjacent cell body layer. Glial cells in this region did not exhibit these depolarizations. In some pyramidal cells, alvear stimulation that was too weak to excite the axon of the impaled cell elicited action potentials, which appeared to arise from transmembrane depolarizations at the soma. When subthreshold transmembrane depolarizations were superimposed on subthreshold depolarizing current pulses, somatic action potentials were generated synchronously with the antidromic population spikes. The depolarizations of pyramidal somata were finely graded with stimulus intensity, were unaffected by polarization of the membrane, and were not occluded by preceding action potentials. The laminar profile of extracellular field potentials perpendicular to the cell body layer was obtained with an array of extracellular recording locations. Numerical techniques of current source-density analysis indicated that at the peak of the somatic population spike, there was an extracellular current sink near pyramidal somata and sources in distal dendritic regions. It is concluded that during population spikes an extracellular electrical field causes currents to flow passively across inactive pyramidal cell membranes, thus depolarizing their somata. The transmembrane depolarizations associated with population spikes would tend to excite and synchronize the population of pyramidal cells.

scholarly journals Paradoxical response reversal of top-down modulation in cortical circuits with three interneuron types

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Carlos Garcia del Molino ◽  
Guangyu Robert Yang ◽  
Jorge F Mejias ◽  
Xiao-Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Paradoxical Response ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Connectivity Patterns ◽  
Response Reversal ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Cortical Circuit

Pyramidal cells and interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) show cell-type-specific connectivity patterns leading to a canonical microcircuit across cortex. Experiments recording from this circuit often report counterintuitive and seemingly contradictory findings. For example, the response of SST cells in mouse V1 to top-down behavioral modulation can change its sign when the visual input changes, a phenomenon that we call response reversal. We developed a theoretical framework to explain these seemingly contradictory effects as emerging phenomena in circuits with two key features: interactions between multiple neural populations and a nonlinear neuronal input-output relationship. Furthermore, we built a cortical circuit model which reproduces counterintuitive dynamics observed in mouse V1. Our analytical calculations pinpoint connection properties critical to response reversal, and predict additional novel types of complex dynamics that could be tested in future experiments.

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