scholarly journals Potato genotypes differentially alter the expression of Phytophthora infestans effectors during PAMP-mediated resistance induction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Thomas ◽  
Pauline Le Boulch ◽  
Didier Andrivon ◽  
Florence Val
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
List Type ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Kinetics Of

SummaryPathogen recognition by plants via pathogen-associated molecular patterns leads to PAMP-triggered immunity. However, pathogens can modulate it via the secretion of effectors. We hypothesize that in potato, induced defense triggered by a Phytophthora infestans concentrated culture filtrate (CCF) could alter both effector expression and disease severity.CCF was sprayed onto three potato genotypes with different resistance levels, before inoculation with P. infestans. Symptoms were scored visually at 1-4 dpi, while the expression of defense and effector genes was assessed by qRT-PCR.CCF induced most defense genes in Désirée (PRs, EIN3) and Bintje (PRs, PAL and POX), but repressed most defense genes in Rosafolia. On the contrary, CCF induced most effector genes in Rosafolia (Pi03192, Avrblb2, Avr3a, EPIC2B and SNE1). INF1 was over-expressed in Bintje, despite its earlier expression in both Désirée and Rosafolia compared to unsprayed controls. Pi03192 was repressed in Désirée, and was expressed earlier in Rosafolia than in controls. However, induced defense responses by CCF significantly reduced lesion areas at 3 dpi only in Désirée.The effectiveness of induced defense thus depends on host genotypes. It results from differential interactions and kinetics of defense and effector genes expressions.

scholarly journals NbCSPR underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein inNicotiana benthamiana

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 3389-3394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel M. L. Saur ◽  
Yasuhiro Kadota ◽  
Jan Sklenar ◽  
Nicholas J. Holton ◽  
Elwira Smakowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Shock ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cold Shock Protein ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Plants use receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. After ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing PRRs interact with the LRR-RK BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). BAK1 is thus expected to interact with unknown PRRs. Here, we used BAK1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown LRR-RLP required for the recognition of the csp22 peptide derived from bacterial cold shock protein. We established a method to identify proteins that interact with BAK1 only after csp22 treatment. BAK1 was expressed transiently inNicotiana benthamianaand immunopurified after treatment with csp22. BAK1-associated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. We identified several proteins including known BAK1 interactors and a previously uncharacterized LRR-RLP that we termed RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CSP22 RESPONSIVENESS (NbCSPR). This RLP associates with BAK1 upon csp22 treatment, andNbCSPR-silenced plants are impaired in csp22-induced defense responses.NbCSPRconfers resistance to bacteria in an age-dependent and flagellin-induced manner. As such, it limits bacterial growth andAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of floweringN. benthamianaplants. Transgenic expression ofNbCSPRintoArabidopsis thalianaconferred responsiveness to csp22 and antibacterial resistance. Our method may be used to identify LRR-type RKs and RLPs required for PAMP perception/responsiveness, even when the active purified PAMP has not been defined.

scholarly journals Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lakshmi Soujanya ◽  
J. C. Sekhar ◽  
C. V. Ratnavathi ◽  
Chikkappa G. Karjagi ◽  
E. Shobha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Defense ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mechanical Wounding ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Induced Defense Responses

AbstractPink stem borer (PSB) causes considerable yield losses to maize. Plant–insect interactions have significant implications for sustainable pest management. The present study demonstrated that PSB feeding, mechanical wounding, a combination of mechanical wounding and PSB regurgitation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate have induced phenolic compound mediated defense responses both at short term (within 2 days of treatment) and long term (in 15 days of treatment) in leaf and stalk tissues of maize. The quantification of two major defense related phenolic compounds namely p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) was carried out through ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) at 2 and 15 days after imposing the above treatments. The p-CA content induced in leaf tissues of maize genotypes were intrinsically higher when challenged by PSB attack at V3 and V6 stages in short- and long-term responses. Higher p-CA content was observed in stalk tissues upon wounding and regurgitation in short- and long-term responses at V3 and V6 stages. Significant accumulation of FA content was also observed in leaf tissues in response to PSB feeding at V3 stage in long-term response while at V6 stage it was observed both in short- and long-term responses. In stalk tissues, methyl jasmonate induced higher FA content in short-term response at V3 stage. However, at V6 stage PSB feeding induced FA accumulation in the short-term while, wounding and regurgitation treatment-induced defense responses in the long-term. In general, the resistant (DMRE 63, CM 500) and moderately resistant genotypes (WNZ ExoticPool) accumulated significantly higher contents of p-CA and FA content than susceptible ones (CM 202, BML 6) in most of the cases. The study indicates that phenolic mediated defense responses in maize are induced by PSB attack followed by wounding and regurgitation compared to the other induced treatments. Furthermore, the study confirmed that induced defense responses vary with plant genotype, stage of crop growth, plant tissue and short and long-term responses. The results of the study suggested that the Phenolic acids i.e. p-CA and FA may contribute to maize resistance mechanisms in the maize-PSB interaction system.

scholarly journals Caterpillar salivary enzymes: "eliciting" a response

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Merkx-Jacques ◽  
Jacqueline C. Bede
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

Abstract Plants exhibit remarkable plasticity in their ability to differentiate between herbivorous insect species and subtly adjust their defense responses to target distinct pests. One key mechanism used by plants to recognize herbivorous caterpillars is elicitors present in their oral secretions; however, these elicitors not only cause the induction of plant defenses but recent evidence suggests that they may also suppress plant responses. The absence of “expected changes” in induced defense responses of insect-infested plants has been attributed to hydrogen peroxide produced by caterpillar salivary glucose oxidase (GOX). Activity of this enzyme is variable among caterpillar species; it was detected in two generalist caterpillars, the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and the bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata), but not in other generalist or specialist caterpillar species tested. In the beet armyworm, GOX activity fluctuated over larval development with high activity associated with the salivary glands of fourth instars. Larval salivary GOX activity of the beet armyworm and the bertha armyworm was observed to be significantly higher in caterpillars reared on artificial diet as compared with those reared on Medicago truncatula plants. This implies that a factor in the diet is involved in the regulation of caterpillar salivary enzyme activity. Therefore, plant diet may be regulating caterpillar oral elicitors that are involved in the regulation of plant defense responses: our goal is to understand these two processes.

scholarly journals Citronella essential oil in the control and activation of coffee plants defense response against rust and brown eye spot

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Borges Pereira ◽  
Gilvaine Ciavareli Lucas ◽  
Fabiano José Perina ◽  
Pedro Martins Ribeiro Júnior ◽  
Eduardo Alves
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Significant Control ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Brown Eye Spot

The rust and brown eye spot are the main coffee diseases. The losses are due to intense defoliation of plants, which has reduced its production and longevity. The brown eye spot also occurs in fruits, with negative effects on the beverage quality. Some essential oils have presented promising results in the control of plant diseases, as an alternative to the use of fungicides. The objective of this study was to evaluate citronella essential oil in the control of rust and brown eye spot and in the activation of coffee plants defense responses. Twelve-month-old plants were sprayed with citronella oil 1000 µL L-1, acibenzolar-S-methyl 200 mg L-1 and tebuconazole fungicide 200 mg L-1. Plants were inoculated with Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola seven days later. The application was repeated after 30 days. Plants with five months were sprayed with the same treatments to assess the induced defense responses. Citronella oil controlled rust and brown eye spot with efficiencies of 47.2% and 29.7%, respectively, while tebuconazole presented control of 96.5% and 90.5%, respectively. Acibenzolar-S-methyl reduced brown eye spot by 55.9% and showed no significant control of rust. Citronella oil increased peroxidase and chitinase activities in five months coffee plants 336, and 24 and 336 hours after spraying, respectively. Acibenzolar-S-methyl increased peroxidase, chitinase and ββ-1,3-glucanase activities 192, 288 and 336; 24 and; 240 hours after spraying, respectively. The treatments did not increase accumulation of phenols, but a significant increase in lignin was observed in plants sprayed with citronella oil.

Tomatidine and lycotetraose, hydrolysis products of α-tomatine byFusarium oxysporumtomatinase, suppress induced defense responses in tomato cells

FEBS Letters ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 571 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Ito ◽  
Tomomi Eto ◽  
Shuhei Tanaka ◽  
Naoki Yamauchi ◽  
Hiroyuki Takahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Induced Defense Responses

scholarly journals C-Terminal Region of Plant Ferredoxin-Like Protein Is Required to Enhance Resistance to Bacterial Disease in Arabidopsis thaliana

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Hsien Lin ◽  
Hsiang-En Huang ◽  
Yen-Ru Chen ◽  
Pei-Luan Liao ◽  
Ching-Lian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Induced Defense Responses ◽  
Resistance To Ralstonia Solanacearum

Protein phosphorylation is an important biological process associated with elicitor-induced defense responses in plants. In a previous report, we described how plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) in transgenic plants enhances resistance to bacterial pathogens associated with the hypersensitive response (HR). PFLP possesses a putative casein kinase II phosphorylation (CK2P) site at the C-terminal in which phosphorylation occurs rapidly during defense response. However, the contribution of this site to the enhancement of disease resistance and the intensity of HR has not been clearly demonstrated. In this study, we generated two versions of truncated PFLP, PEC (extant CK2P site) and PDC (deleted CK2P site), and assessed their ability to trigger HR through harpin (HrpZ) derived from Pseudomonas syringae as well as their resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. In an infiltration assay of HrpZ, PEC intensified harpin-mediated HR; however, PDC negated this effect. Transgenic plants expressing these versions indicate that nonphosphorylated PFLP loses its ability to induce HR or enhance disease resistance against R. solanacearum. Interestingly, the CK2P site of PFLP is required to induce the expression of the NADPH oxidase gene, AtrbohD, which is a reactive oxygen species producing enzyme. This was further confirmed by evaluating the HR on NADPH oxidase in mutants of Arabidopsis. As a result, we have concluded that the CK2P site is required for the phosphorylation of PFLP to enhance disease resistance.

Preliminary study on flg22-induced defense responses in female gametophytes of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyta)

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1215-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasha Wang ◽  
Fengyang Zhao ◽  
Xiaojiao Wei ◽  
Bojun Lu ◽  
Delin Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Defense ◽  
Saccharina Japonica ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Induced Defense Responses
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