Glucosinolates with their Hydrolysis Products from Two Cruciferous Plants with Study of Antidiabetic Activity Based on Molecular Docking

Glucosinolates (Gls) are natural bioactive compounds that form metabolites called isothiocyanates (ITC) which have various therapeutic effects. This study aimed to isolate the glucosinolates of Carrichtera annua L.(DC) (CA) and Farsetia aegyptia Turra (FA) belonging to the Crucifereae family. Total Gls were isolated from the aqueous methanolic extract of the plants and further purified using an acidic aluminum oxide column. Some of the obtained Gls were identified via spectroscopic methods (UV, NMR, and MS) and the rest were hydrolyzed by myrosinase to the corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC) for identification by GC/MS. Only one Gls was identified in CA as 4-methylthio-3-butenyl Gls (MTBG) in addition to 6-methyl sulfonylhexyl isothiocyanates (ITC), while 6-methyl sulfonyl-6-hydroxy hexyl ITC, 4-pentenyl ITC, 3-methylthio propyl ITC, 5-hydroxy pentyl ITC and 4-methylsulphinyl butyl ITC were identified in FA. The Gls demonstrated high binding activity to α-glucosidase and amylase, good pharmacokinetic characteristics, and exerted no carcinogenetic effects.

A Novel Agarase, Gaa16B, Isolated from the Marine Bacterium Gilvimarinus agarilyticus JEA5, and the Moisturizing Effect of Its Partial Hydrolysis Products

We recently identified a β-agarase, Gaa16B, in the marine bacterium Gilvimarinus agarilyticus JEA5. Gaa16B, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 16 family of β-agarases, shows less than 70.9% amino acid similarity with previously characterized agarases. Recombinant Gaa16B lacking the carbohydrate-binding region (rGaa16Bc) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Activity assays revealed the optimal temperature and pH of rGaa16Bc to be 55 ∘C and pH 6–7, respectively, and the protein was highly stable at 55 ∘C for 90 min. Additionally, rGaa16Bc activity was strongly enhanced (2.3-fold) in the presence of 2.5 mM MnCl2. The Km and Vmax of rGaa16Bc for agarose were 6.4 mg/mL and 953 U/mg, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography analysis revealed that rGaa16Bc can hydrolyze agarose into neoagarotetraose and neoagarobiose. Partial hydrolysis products (PHPs) of rGaa16Bc had an average molecular weight of 88–102 kDa and exhibited > 60% hyaluronidase inhibition activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, whereas the completely hydrolyzed product (CHP) showed no hyaluronidase at the same concentration. The biochemical properties of Gaa16B suggest that it could be useful for producing functional neoagaro-oligosaccharides. Additionally, the PHP of rGaa16Bc may be useful in promoting its utilization, which is limited due to the gel strength of agar.

Comparative Analysis of Collagen-Containing Waste Biodegradation, Amino Acid, Peptide and Carbohydrate Composition of Hydrolysis Products

This paper aimed to study the biodegradation of collagen-containing waste (pork skin) induced by collagenase and Neutrase 1.5 MG enzymes and compare the amino acid, peptide, and carbohydrate composition of hydrolysis products. It was found that the degree of biodegradation of collagen-containing raw materials (pork skin) reached 78% when using an enzyme preparation (collagenase with a concentration of 250 U/g of the substrate) at pH 7.0, 40 °C, and a 360 min process duration. It was shown that the content of peptides with a molecular weight of 6.5–14.0 kDa in the hydrolysis products (collagenase) of collagen-containing wastes was 13.4 ± 0.40%, while in the products of hydrolysis (Neutrase 1.5 MG) it was 12.8 ± 0.38%. The study found that the hydrolysis products (Neutrase 1.5 MG) of collagen-containing raw materials contain fewer hexoses, free hexosamines, and hyaluronic acid than the hydrolysis products (collagenase) of collagen-containing raw materials. The content of chondroitin sulfates is practically the same in all samples of hydrolysis products. Proteases with collagenolytic activity are widely used in industry. Recently, they have increasingly been used in pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. Collagenases are promising enzymes for the production of chondroprotectors used for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Microbial fermentation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste for the production of chemicals and electricity

Ideonella sakaiensis (I. sakaiensis) can grow on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the sole carbon and energy source. Previous work has shown that conversion of the hydrolysis products terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG) under aerobic conditions released carbon dioxide and water while yielding adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. This study demonstrates that under anaerobic conditions I. sakaiensis ferments PET to the feedstock chemicals acetate and ethanol while co-producing ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. In addition to PET, maltose, EG, and ethanol can also serve as fermenting substrates. Co-culturing of I. sakaiensis with electrogenic Geobacter sulfurreducens produced electricity from PET or EG. This newly identified plastic fermentation process by I. sakaiensis provides a novel biosynthetic route to produce high-value chemicals and electricity from plastic waste streams.

The Impact of Domestic Cooking Methods on Myrosinase Stability, Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products in Different Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Accessions

Glucosinolate hydrolysis products are responsible for the health-promoting properties of Brassica vegetables. The impact of domestic cooking on the myrosinase stability, glucosinolates and hydrolysis products in 18 cabbage accession was investigated. Cabbages were steamed, microwaved, and stir-fried before analysis. Cooking significantly affected myrosinase stability and glucosinolate concentrations within and between cabbage morphotypes. Myrosinase was most stable after stir-frying, with up to 65% residual activity. Steaming and microwaving resulted in over 90% loss of myrosinase activity in some accessions. Stir-frying resulted in the greatest decrease in glucosinolate concentration, resulting in up to 70% loss. Steamed cabbages retained the highest glucosinolates after cooking (up to 97%). The profile and abundance of glucosinolate hydrolysis products detected varied across all cooking methods studied. Cooking reduced the amounts of nitriles and epithionitriles formed compared to raw samples. Steaming led to a significant increase in the concentration of beneficial isothiocyanates present in the cabbage and a significantly lower level of nitriles compared to other samples. Microwaving led to a reduction in the concentrations of both nitriles and isothiocyanates when compared to other cooking methods and raw cabbage. The results obtained help provide information on the optimal cooking methods for cabbage, suggesting that steaming may be the best approach to maximising beneficial isothiocyanate production.

Influence of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Accession and Growing Conditions on Myrosinase Activity, Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products

Glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites present in Brassica vegetables. The endogenous enzyme myrosinase is responsible for the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, yielding a variety of compounds, including health-promoting isothiocyanates. The influence of cabbage accession and growing conditions on myrosinase activity, glucosinolates (GSL) and their hydrolysis products (GHPs) of 18 gene-bank cabbage accessions was studied. Growing conditions, cabbage morphotype and accession all significantly affected myrosinase activity and concentration of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. In general, cabbages grown in the field with lower growth temperatures had significantly higher myrosinase activity than glasshouse samples. Profile and concentration of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products differed across the accessions studied. Aliphatic glucosinolates accounted for more than 60 % of total glucosinolates in most of the samples assessed. Nitriles and epithionitriles were the most abundant hydrolysis products formed. The results obtained showed that consumption of raw cabbages might reduce the amount of beneficial hydrolysis products available to the consumer, as more nitriles were produced from hydrolysis compared to beneficial isothiocyanates. However, red and white cabbages contained high concentrations of glucoraphanin and its isothiocyanate, sulforaphane. This implies that careful selection of accessions with ample concentrations of certain glucosinolates can improve the health benefits derived from raw cabbage consumption.

On the Dose Coefficient of Uranium Hexafluoride

Introduction: Uranium hexafluoride (UF6, UHF) is a gaseous product containing uranium and fluorine. Once in the air, it interacts with water vapor and produces hydrolysis products that can penetrate the human body and lead to the chemical effects of uranium and fluorine, as well as the radiation effects of uranium on the body. This action can be very strong and therefore serious attention has been paid to its study for a long time. Purpose: Quantitative calculation of the radiation effects of uranium on humans and their analysis in the conditions of daily work at nuclear power plants, as well as in emergency situations. Material and methods: We consider uranium hexafluoride that appears under certain conditions in the air of the working rooms of some enterprises and describes methods for describing the distribution of UHF hydrolysis products to objects that can sense their effects. All these methods are combined into a single integrated model. The analytical expressions obtained in the framework of this model at various stages are given, which make it possible to calculate the radiation effect of UHF. Results: The calculated values of the characteristics of the radiation exposure are given, their analysis is carried out. The conditions are formulated under which there is a danger of serious radiation exposure of uranium hexafluoride to employees of nuclear power plants during everyday work and in emergency situations. Conclusion: Based on all the material presented, it is concluded that the constructed mathematical model reliably describes the event in question and allows us to calculate the radiation effect of uranium on humans.

PSX-A-20 Late-Breaking: Potential prebiotic effect of canola meal non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysis products in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4

Enzymatically derived non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysis products (HP) may modulate enteric health outcomes in piglets. Thus, responses of weaned piglets to an oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) when fed diets containing canola meal (CM) HP were investigated. The HP were obtained by incubating CM with a multi-carbohydrase (MC) blend. Thirty-five weaned piglets (8.08 ± 0.34 Kg BW) were individually assigned in a completely randomized design to 1 of 5 treatments: UCC (unchallenged control), NC (negative control challenged with ETEC), PC (NC + 0.1% AGP), HP1 (NC + 0.25% HP), HP2 (NC + 0.5% HP). After a seven-day adaptation period, piglets in the UCC group received 5 ml of PBS, whereas those in all other groups were orally challenged with 5 ml (5 × 106 CFU/mL) of ETEC F4. On d 14 all piglets were euthanized for tissue sampling. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, with the individual pig as the experimental unit. During the post-challenge period, piglets fed NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) G: F than those fed the PC, whereas the G: F was higher (P < 0.05) for piglets fed the HP-containing diets than that of piglets fed the NC diet. Piglets fed diets containing HP showed lower (P < 0.05) jejunum pH and fecal scores than piglets fed the NC diet. For gene expressions, the HP groups showed a greater level of toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) compared with NC group (P < 0.05). For the HP groups, HP1 had a higher (P < 0.05) level of TLR2 than HP2 treatment. Feeding HP resulted in lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the colon of piglets compared with feeding with NC (P < 0.05). In conclusion, piglets fed diets with CM HP exhibited less severe ETEC-enteritis and had similar effects with AGP.

Industrial Gelatin from Leather Chrome Shavings Wastes

A step towards minimizing the environmental pollution of leather tanning , leather chrome shavings wastes were treated with Li2CO3 to extract technical or industrial gelatin as an added value material. Isolation and characterization of gelatin obtained from chrome-tanned shavings were done. The alkali hydrolysis products obtained, showed good physical and chemical properties in terms of gel strength, swelling and thermal stability. The optimum hydrolysis conditions using Li2CO3 were found to be 5 hr. extraction at 80°C, swelling time of one day and pH 9.5. The yield was over one third of the original starting waste material.