scholarly journals The bacterial endosymbiontWolbachiaincreases reproductive investment and accelerates the life cycle of ant colonies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohini Singh ◽  
Timothy A. Linksvayer
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Young Life ◽  
Colony Level

AbstractWolbachiais a widespread group of maternally-transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that often manipulates the reproductive strategy and life history of its solitary hosts to enhance its own transmission.Wolbachiaalso commonly infects eusocial insects such as ants, although the effects of infection on social organisms remain largely unknown. We tested the effects of infection on colony-level reproduction and life history traits in the invasive pharaoh ant,Monomorium pharaonis. First we compared the reproductive investment of infected and uninfected colonies with queens of three discrete ages, and we found that infected colonies had increased reproductive investment. Next, we compared the long-term growth and reproduction of infected and uninfected colonies across their life cycle, and we found that infected colonies had increased colony-level growth and early colony reproduction. These colony-level effects ofWolbachiainfection seem to result because of a ‘live fast, die young’ life history strategy of infected queens. Such accelerated colony life cycle is likely beneficial for both the host and the symbiont and may have contributed to success of the highly invasive pharaoh ant.

The reproduction and larval development of Nereis fucata (Savigny)

1959 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Brown-Gilpin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Reproductive Patterns ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

The wide variety of reproductive patterns and behaviour in the many species of Nereidae already studied clearly justifies further research. But the life history of Nereis fucata (Savigny) is not only of interest from the comparative point of view. Its commensal habit (it occurs within shells occupied by hermit crabs) immediately gives it a special importance. This alone warrants a detailed study, particularly as no commensal polychaete has yet been reared through to metamorphosis and settlement on its host (Davenport, 1955; Davenport & Hickok, 1957). The numerous interesting problems which arise, and the experimental methods needed to study them, are, however, beyond the range of a paper on nereid development. It is therefore proposed to confine the present account to the reproduction and development up to the time when the larvae settle on the bottom. The complete life cycle, the mechanism of host-adoption, and related topics, will be reported in later papers.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF TRICHOBILHARZIA CAMERONI SP. NOV. (FAMILY SCHISTOSOMATIDAE)

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang-Yu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Local Infection ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
Daughter Sporocyst ◽  
Physa Gyrina ◽  
History Of

A cause of swimmer's itch in the lower Ottawa River is Trichobilharzia cameroni sp. nov. Its life cycle has been completed experimentally in laboratory-bred snails and in canaries and ducks, and the various stages are described. The eggs are spindle-shaped. The sporocysts are colorless and tubular. Mother sporocysts become mature in about a week. The younger daughter sporocyst is provided with spines on the anterior end and becomes mature in about three weeks. The development in the snail requires from 28 to 35 days. A few cercariae were found to live for up to 14 days at 50 °C., although their life at 16° to 18 °C. was about four days. Cercariae kept at room temperature for 60 to 72 hr. were found infective. The adults become mature in canaries and pass eggs in about 12 to 14 days. Physa gyrina is the species of snail naturally infected. It was found in one case giving off cercariae for five months after being kept in the laboratory. Domestic ducks were found to become infected until they were at least four months old, with the parasites developing to maturity in due course; no experiments were made with older ducks. Furthermore, miracidia were still recovered from the faeces four months after the duck had been experimentally infected, and it is suggested that migratory birds are the source of the local infection.

The life history of Pleurogenoides malampuzhensis sp. nov. (Digenea: Pleurogenidae) from amphibious and aquatic hosts in Kerala, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brinesh ◽  
K.P. Janardanan
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
Hoplobatrachus Tigerinus ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe life-cycle stages of Pleurogenoides malampuzhensis sp. nov. infecting the Indian bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin) and the skipper frog Euphlyctiscyanophlyctis (Schneider) occurring in irrigation canals and paddy fields in Malampuzha, which forms part of the district of Palakkad, Kerala, are described. The species is described, its systematic position discussed and compared with the related species, P. gastroporus (Luhe, 1901) and P. orientalis (Srivastava, 1934). The life-cycle stages, from cercaria to egg-producing adult, were successfully established in the laboratory. Virgulate xiphidiocercariae emerged from the snail Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson). Metacercariae are found in muscle tissues of dragonfly nymphs and become infective to the frogs within 22 days. The pre-patent period is 20 days. Growth and development of both metacercariae and adults are described.

scholarly journals Live Fast, Die Young, and Sleep Later: Life History Strategy and Human Sleep Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahe Dishakjian ◽  
Daniel M T Fessler ◽  
Adam Maxwell Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Sleep Behaviors

Abstract Background and objectives Life History Theory (LHT) describes trade-offs that organisms make with regard to three investment pathways: growth, maintenance, and reproduction. In light of the reparative functions of sleep, we examine sleep behaviors and corresponding attitudes as proximate manifestations of an individual’s underlying relative prioritization of short-term reproduction versus long-term maintenance. Methodology We collected survey data from 568 participants across two online studies having different participant pools. We use a mixture of segmented and hierarchical regression models, structural equation modeling, and machine learning to infer relationships between sleep duration/quality, attitudes about sleep, and biodemographic/psychometric measures of life history strategy (LHS). Results An age-mediated U- or V-shaped relationship appears when LHS is plotted against habitual sleep duration, with the fastest strategies occupying the sections of the curve with the highest mortality risk: < 6.5 hours (short sleep) and > 8.5 hours (long sleep). LH “fastness” is associated with increased sleepiness and worse overall sleep quality: delayed sleep onset latency, more wakefulness after sleep onset, higher sleep-wake instability, and greater sleep duration variability. Hedonic valuations of sleep may mediate the effects of LHS on certain sleep parameters. Conclusions and implications The costs of deprioritizing maintenance can be parameterized in the domain of sleep, where “life history fastness” corresponds with sleep patterns associated with greater senescence and mortality. Individual differences in sleep having significant health implications can thus be understood as components of lifelong trajectories likely stemming from calibration to developmental circumstances. Relatedly, hedonic valuations of sleep may constitute useful avenues for non-pharmacological management of chronic sleep disorders. LAY Summary Sleep is essential because it allows the body to repair and maintain itself. But time spent sleeping is time that cannot be spent doing other things. People differ in how much they prioritize immediate rewards, including sociosexual opportunities, versus long-term goals. In this research, we show that individual differences in sleep behaviors, and attitudes toward sleep, correspond with psychological and behavioral differences reflecting such differing priorities. Orientation toward sleep can thus be understood as part of the overall lifetime strategies that people pursue.

scholarly journals Towards a general life-history model of the superorganism: predicting the survival, growth and reproduction of ant societies

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Z. Shik ◽  
Chen Hou ◽  
Adam Kay ◽  
Michael Kaspari ◽  
James F. Gillooly
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Insect Societies ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Growth And Reproduction ◽  
Colony Level

Social insect societies dominate many terrestrial ecosystems across the planet. Colony members cooperate to capture and use resources to maximize survival and reproduction. Yet, when compared with solitary organisms, we understand relatively little about the factors responsible for differences in the rates of survival, growth and reproduction among colonies. To explain these differences, we present a mathematical model that predicts these three rates for ant colonies based on the body sizes and metabolic rates of colony members. Specifically, the model predicts that smaller colonies tend to use more energy per gram of biomass, live faster and die younger. Model predictions are supported with data from whole colonies for a diversity of species, with much of the variation in colony-level life history explained based on physiological traits of individual ants. The theory and data presented here provide a first step towards a more general theory of colony life history that applies across species and environments.

The influence of temperature on the life history of the Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi

Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Millar ◽  
David Wharton ◽  
Ian Brown
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Polar Species ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractPanagrolaimus davidi is a free-living microbivore, associated with moss and algal patches in coastal regions around Ross Island, Antarctica. In laboratory experiments, temperature had a major influence on P. davidi life history parameters. The optimal temperature occurred between 25 and 30°C and the temperature at which population growth ceased was estimated at 6.8°C. Threshold temperatures for developmental processes were in the range 4.1°C (for egg incubation) to 7.6°C (for generation time). The life history strategy of P. davidi shows r-selected features and is more similar to temperate free-living nematodes than to other polar species, which show K-selected features. In the Antarctic, P. davidi is forced to remain dormant for long periods and growth occurs intermittently when conditions allow, suggesting A selection. The life history of P. davidi thus exhibits both A and r-selected features.

Analysis of a Population Sampling Method for the Lodgepole Needle Miner in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Population Sampling ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Feeding

General.—The purpose of this paper is to analyse a sampling method devised to assess larval populations in an outbreak of the lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria milleri Busck (Busck 1914, Hopping 1945).The problem of developing an adequate sampling method is intimately concerned with the life-history of the insect, the region of the outbreak and the nature of the forest stand in which the outbreak occurs. In sampling most defoliator populations the problem is made more difficult by external feeding and wandering habits, hence it is usually done in some relatively inactive stage at a fixed time. de Gryse (1934) describes the problems inherent in sampling these insects. The needle miner, however, is fixed in its location for most of its life-cycle and is therefore readily obtainable for study. The problem here is reduced to a statistical one, that of obtaining an acceptable sample i.e. within suitable error limits with due regard for existing variables.

scholarly journals LIFE HISTORY, NON-SPECIFICITY, AND REVISION OF THE GENUS CHORIOPTES, A PARASITIC MITE OF HERBIVORES

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon K. Sweatman
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parasitic Mite

Chorioptic mange mites have been reared in vitro on epidermal debris. The life history of the mite has been observed, and each stage in the cycle described. Mites from the cow, horse, goat, sheep, and llama have been shown to be identical biologically and morphologically, and the specific names of equi, caprae, and ovis have been synonymized with C. bovis. The in vitro life cycle has been completed on epidermal debris from a variety of wild Cervidae, Bovidae, and Equidae, as well as on material from several breeds of domestic cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. From these and other data, three additional species or subspecies of Chorioptes were synonymized also with C. bovis. Only one other species, namely C. texanus, remains in the genus.

The life history of Scaphiostomum pancreaticum McIntosh, 1934 (Trematoda: Brachylaemidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris N. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Tamias Striatus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anguispira Alternata ◽  
Cercarial Emergence

The life cycle of the brachylaemid trematode Scaphiostomum pancreaticum McIntosh, 1934, was completed experimentally in the laboratory. Eggs were obtained from trematodes removed from naturally infected Tamias striatus. Eggs are mature when laid and hatch naturally only after ingestion by a snail. In vitro hatching and subsequent examination of the miracidium was accomplished in snail gastric juice. Sporocysts developed in Anguispira alternata and cercarial emergence began 129 days after infection. Metacercariae developed in the kidney of A. alternata, Triodopsis albolabris, and Haplotrema concavum and were infective to the chipmunk after 5 months, and ovigerous adults were obtained in 30 days. This is the first description of the life cycle of a member of this genus.

THE ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF RETUSA OBTUSA (MONTAGU) (GASTROPODA, OPISTHOBRANCHIA)

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tyrell Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Span ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Protandrous Hermaphrodite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Breeding ◽  
One Year ◽  
Short Time

The habitat, diet, life history, and reproductive cycle of Retusa obtusa were investigated over a period of [Formula: see text] years in a population found in the Inner Harbour at Barry, Glamorgan, U.K. A technique was devised for extracting Retusa from the mud of this area. R. obtusa occurs in the topmost 3.5 cm of fine mud covering Barry harbor, which is immersed by the sea for only a short time at each high tide. The principal prey was found to be Hydrobia ulvae.The life cycle was found to be annual, the adults dying in spring, following the natural breeding season. Occasionally, a short extra breeding period occurs in the fall. The life span in no case greatly exceeded one year. Retusa is a protandrous hermaphrodite, and copulates in the fall. The eggs mature through the late fall and the winter, a few at a time, until oviposition occurs in the spring. The average number of eggs produced per individual was 33, deposited in 1–4 egg batches. Development is direct.

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