scholarly journals Sound comparison of seven TMS coils at matched stimulation strength

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lari M. Koponen ◽  
Stefan M. Goetz ◽  
Debara L. Tucci ◽  
Angel V. Peterchev
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Neural Stimulation ◽  
Hearing Protection ◽  
List Type ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
The Subject

AbstractBackgroundAccurate data on the sound emitted by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils is lacking.MethodsWe recorded the sound waveforms of seven coils with high bandwidth. We estimated the neural stimulation strength by measuring the induced electric field and applying a strength–duration model to account for different waveforms.ResultsAcross coils, at maximum stimulator output and 25 cm distance, the sound pressure level (SPL) was 98–125 dB(Z) per pulse and 75–97 dB(A) for a 15 Hz pulse train. At 5 cm distance, these values were estimated to increase to 112–139 dB(Z) and 89–111 dB(A), respectively.ConclusionsThe coils’ sound was below, but near, relevant exposure limits for operators and may exceed some limits for the subject. Exposure standards may inadequately capture some risks to hearing. For persons near operating TMS coils we recommend hearing protection, and we consider it essential for the TMS subject.HighlightsCoil click varies by over 20 dB(Z) between TMS coils at matched stimulation strength.Close to TMS coil, sound pressure level may reach nearly 140 dB(Z).For rTMS, the continuous sound level can exceed 110 dB(A).Hearing protection is recommended during TMS, especially for the subject.

Research of Possibilities of Using the Recycled Materials Based on Rubber and Textiles Combined with Vermiculite Material in the Area of ​​Noise Reduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 1001 ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Liptai ◽  
Marek Moravec ◽  
Miroslav Badida
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Standing Wave ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Materials Research

This paper describes possibilities in the use of recycled rubber granules and textile materials combined with vermiculite panel. The aim of the research is the application of materials that will be absorbing or reflecting sound energy. This objective is based on fundamental physical principles of materials research and acoustics. Method of measurement of sound absorption coefficient is based on the principle of standing wave in the impedance tube. With a sound level meter is measured maximum and minimum sound pressure level of standing wave. From the maximum and minimum sound pressure level of standing wave is calculated sound absorption coefficient αn, which can take values from 0 to 1. Determination of the sound absorption coefficient has been set in 1/3 octave band and in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 2000 Hz. In conclusion are proposed possibilities of application of these materials in terms of their mechanical and physical parameters.

scholarly journals Investigation of Noise Pollution Distribution in Different Parts of Yazd Textile Factories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi ◽  
Hamideh Bidel ◽  
Ahmad Ali Kheirandish
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels ◽  
Different Parts

 Background: Chronic occupational exposure to noise is an unavoidable reality in the country's textile industry and even other countries. The aim of this study was to compare the sound pressure level in different parts of the textile industry in Yazd and in different parts of the textile industry. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 930 textile workers in Yazd. A questionnaire was used to obtain demographic information and how to use protective equipment. Then, to obtain the sound pressure level of each unit and device and to use the measurement principles, a calibrated sound level meter was used. Then the results were analyzed using SPSS Ver.29 software. Results: The participants in this study were 714 males and 216 females with a mean age of 35.27 and 33.63 years, respectively. Seven hundred fifty-six participants (81.29%) were exposed to sound pressure levels higher than 85 dB. Among the participants, only 18.39% of the people used a protective phone permanently. Except for factory E, with an average sound pressure level of 77.78 dB, the rest of the factories had an average sound pressure level higher than the occupational exposure limit. The sound measurement results of different devices show that the sound pressure levels above 90 dB are related to the parts of Dolatab, Ring, Kinetting (knitting), Chanel, Autoconer, Dolakni, Open End, MultiLakni, Tabandegi, Texture, and Poy. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, noise above 90 dB is considered as one of the main risk factors in most parts of the textile industry (spinning and weaving), which in the absence of engineering, managerial or individual controls on it causes hearing loss in becoming employees of this industry

Statistical Study of the Instantaneous Values of Traffic Noise Sound Pressure Level

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Jesús Alba Fernández ◽  
Marcelino Ferri García ◽  
Jaime Ramis Soriano ◽  
Juan Antonio Martínez Mora
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Road Traffic Noise ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Sound Event

In environmental acoustics the knowledge of the time dependency of the sound level provides relevant information about a sound event. In this sense, it may be said that conventional sound level metres have frequently implemented programs to calculate the fractiles (percentiles) of the distribution of instantaneous sound levels; and there are several indexes to evaluate the noise pollution, based on different statistical parameters. For further analysis of sound, and to obtain the commented indexes, it is accepted that this distribution is normal or gaussian. The questions we've tried to solve in this work are the following: First of all, whether the time dependent distribution of the variable sound pressure level should be considered as Gaussian in general cases or only in some particular ones. On the other hand, we have studied how the frequency of the sampling affects the resulting distribution of a given a sound event. To these ends, a set of road traffic noise events has been evaluated. Furthermore, even in gaussian distributions of sound pressure levels, the average of the distribution will not be coincident with the equivalent sound pressure level; that is the level of the average quadratic pressure. The difference between this parameter, and its dependence on the standard deviation, is studied.

Temporary Threshold Shift from a Toy Cap Gun

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Marshall ◽  
John F. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Temporary Threshold Shift ◽  
Fixed Frequency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject

Temporary threshold shift resulting from exposure to one and five toy cap gun pistol shots was investigated using 11 normal-hearing adult subjects and one subject with a noise-induced hearing loss. The subjects fired the cap gun at arm’s length, and absolute thresholds at 4000 Hz were obtained before and after noise exposure by a fixed-frequency Bekesy technique. After exposure to one gunshot, five subjects showed a small TTS, five demonstrated no TTS, and two (including the subject with the hearing loss) exhibited negative TTS. No TTS occurred in any of the subjects after exposure to five shots. It was postulated that the small amount of TTS was due to the unexpectedly low sound pressure level produced by the cap gun and to the contraction of the middle ear muscles in some subjects prior to firing.

R-weighting provides better estimation for rat hearing sensitivity

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Böjrk ◽  
T. Nevalainen ◽  
M. Hakumäki ◽  
H.-M. Voipio
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Studies ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Sound Levels

Since sounds may induce physiological and behavioural changes in animals, it is necessary to assess and define the acoustic environment in laboratory animal facilities. Sound studies usually express sound levels as unweighted linear sound pressure levels. However, because a linear scale does not take account of hearing sensitivity-which may differ widely both between and within species at various frequencies-the results may be spurious. In this study a novel sound pressure level weighting for rats, R-weighting, was calculated according to a rat's hearing sensitivity. The sound level of a white noise signal was assessed using R-weighting, with H-weighting tailored for humans, A-weighting and linear sound pressure level combined with the response curves of two different loudspeakers. The sound signal resulted in different sound levels depending on the weighting and the type of loudspeaker. With a tweeter speaker reproducing sounds at high frequencies audible to a rat, R- and A-weightings gave similar results, but the H-weighted sound levels were lower. With a middle-range loudspeaker, unable to reproduce high frequencies, R-weighted sound showed the lowest sound levels. In conclusion, without a correct weighting system and proper equipment, the final sound level of an exposure stimulus can differ by several decibels from that intended. To achieve reliable and comparable results, standardization of sound experiments and assessment of the environment in animal facilities is a necessity. Hence, the use of appropriate species-specific sound pressure level weighting is essential. R-weighting for rats in sound studies is recommended.

Research on the Vibration Measurement Approach to the On-Line Noise Evaluation for Vehicle Transmissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 562-564 ◽  
pp. 1163-1167
Author(s):  
Feng Qiang Zhao ◽  
Guang Qiang Li ◽  
Hong Ying Hu ◽  
Jia Lu Du ◽  
Chen Guo
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Production Line ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Vibration Measurement ◽  
Vehicle Transmissions ◽  
Quality Of Transmission ◽  
Level Meter

At present, the common method of testing noise generated by vehicle transmission before delivery is to measure the noise sound pressure level by means of sound level meter. Since the measurement result is susceptible to background noise, the method can only be operated in anechoic chamber. In this paper, in order to measure sound pressure level directly on production-line, a new vibration measurement method and its relevant formula are presented. The proposed method can effectively avoid being affected by background noise and obtain the sound pressure level of transmission noise on production-line by testing the vibration acceleration signals of transmission box. It’s proved that the new method makes the delivery test of transmission noise more convenient and effective. Moreover, it can improve the delivery quality of transmission as well as the performance of whole vehicle.

scholarly journals Analysis of Noise Level Generated by Stone Cutter Machine

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindawati Lindawati ◽  
Nuzuli Fitriadi ◽  
Afdhal Afdhal
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Cutting Machine ◽  
Background Noise Level

Marble, one of natural stone, has been widely produced since the last decade. In South Aceh, Marble stone is fabricated at Marble Production Unit that is located around Polytechnic of Aceh Selatan. The using of large-scale stone-cutting machines in Marble Production process tends to be a major noise source in Polytechnic of Aceh Selatan environment. The aim of this study is to analyze the noise level generated by Marble Cutting Machine in Marble Production Unit. The noise levels were analyzed by measuring Background Noise Level (BNL) and Sound Pressure Level (SPL). Sound Level Meter Type SL-814 was employed in the measurement. The results show that Background Noise Level measured is 53.03 dB on average. The highest Sound Pressure Level measured when the marble cutting machine was operated without workpiece is 94dB. In addition, the highest sound pressure level measured when marble cutting machine was operated with the workpiece is 96 dB. The values have generally exceeded the Threshold Noise Level allowed for education area, 55 dB. The noisy condition in campus environment would have an impact on teaching and learning processes within the Polytechnic of South Aceh.

Tutorial and Guidelines on Measurement of Sound Pressure Level in Voice and Speech

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan G. Švec ◽  
Svante Granqvist
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Frequency Weighting ◽  
Voice And Speech

Purpose Sound pressure level (SPL) measurement of voice and speech is often considered a trivial matter, but the measured levels are often reported incorrectly or incompletely, making them difficult to compare among various studies. This article aims at explaining the fundamental principles behind these measurements and providing guidelines to improve their accuracy and reproducibility. Method Basic information is put together from standards, technical, voice and speech literature, and practical experience of the authors and is explained for nontechnical readers. Results Variation of SPL with distance, sound level meters and their accuracy, frequency and time weightings, and background noise topics are reviewed. Several calibration procedures for SPL measurements are described for stand-mounted and head-mounted microphones. Conclusions SPL of voice and speech should be reported together with the mouth-to-microphone distance so that the levels can be related to vocal power. Sound level measurement settings (i.e., frequency weighting and time weighting/averaging) should always be specified. Classified sound level meters should be used to assure measurement accuracy. Head-mounted microphones placed at the proximity of the mouth improve signal-to-noise ratio and can be taken advantage of for voice SPL measurements when calibrated. Background noise levels should be reported besides the sound levels of voice and speech.

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