scholarly journals Similar history biases for distinct prospective decisions of self-performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Mei ◽  
Sean Rankine ◽  
Einar Olafsson ◽  
David Soto
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Machine Learning Classifiers ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Response Confidence ◽  
Trial Participants

AbstractMetacognition can be deployed retrospectively -to reflect on the correctness of our behavior- or prospectively -to make predictions of success in one’s future behavior or make decisions about strategies to solve future problems. We investigated the factors that determine prospective decision making. Human participants performed a visual discrimination task followed by ratings of visibility and response confidence. Prior to each trial, participants made prospective judgments. In Experiment 1, they rated their belief of future success. In Experiment 2, they rated their decision to adopt a focused attention state. Prospective beliefs of success were associated with no performance changes while prospective decisions to engage attention were followed by better self-evaluation of the correctness of behavioral responses. Using standard machine learning classifiers we found that the current prospective decision could be predicted from information concerning task-correctness, stimulus visibility and response confidence from previous trials. In both Experiments, awareness and confidence were more diagnostic of the prospective decision than task correctness. Notably, classifiers trained with prospective beliefs of success in Experiment 1 predicted decisions to engage in Experiment 2 and vice-versa. These results indicate that the formation of these seemingly different prospective decisions share a common, dynamic representational structure.

Small Garden, Big Impact: Emotional and Behavioral Responses of Visitors to a Rooftop Atrium in a Major Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 193758672199279
Author(s):  
Kelly Martin ◽  
Luana Nanu ◽  
Wi-Suk Kwon ◽  
David Martin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Healing Garden ◽  
Healing Gardens

Purpose: To measure hospital visitors’ satisfaction with a rooftop atrium and its resultant impact on the visitors’ behavioral intentions toward the healing garden, the hospital, and overall satisfaction with the hospital. Background: There is a significant lack of empirical research that links the emotional and behavioral responses toward healing gardens and the hospitals providing them. Methods: A purposeful sample of 96 visitors to the healing garden in the rooftop atrium of a surgery building in a major hospital in the Southeastern United States completed a survey based on Roger Ulrich’s Theory of Supportive Gardens and the Stimulus, Organism, Response (S-O-R) paradigm. Results: Findings of this study suggest visitors’ experience with the healing garden can lead to overall satisfaction with the hospital and behavioral intentions toward the hospital. Visitors’ satisfaction with the healing garden significantly predicted their satisfaction with the hospital, their intend to revisit the hospital, and their intend to recommend it. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a small healing garden can be a powerful enough space to impact visitors’ overall satisfaction with the hospital and their intentions regarding their future behavior toward the hospital, such as revisiting or recommending the hospital.

scholarly journals A Distinct Role of the Temporal-Parietal Junction in Predicting Socially Guided Decisions

Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 337 (6090) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. McKell Carter ◽  
Daniel L. Bowling ◽  
Crystal Reeck ◽  
Scott A. Huettel
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Pattern Analysis ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
Distinct Role

To make adaptive decisions in a social context, humans must identify relevant agents in the environment, infer their underlying strategies and motivations, and predict their upcoming actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with combinatorial multivariate pattern analysis, to predict human participants’ subsequent decisions in an incentive-compatible poker game. We found that signals from the temporal-parietal junction provided unique information about the nature of the upcoming decision, and that information was specific to decisions against agents who were both social and relevant for future behavior.

Self-focused attention and depression: Self-evaluation, affect, and life stress

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy W. Smith ◽  
Rick E. Ingram ◽  
David L. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Self Evaluation

scholarly journals Temporal Metacognition as the Decoding of Self-Generated Brain Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 4366-4380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz W Kononowicz ◽  
Clémence Roger ◽  
Virginie van Wassenhove
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Internal Variable ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Oscillatory Mechanisms ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Low Dimensional

Abstract Metacognition, the ability to know about one’s thought process, is self-referential. Here, we combined psychophysics and time-resolved neuroimaging to explore metacognitive inference on the accuracy of a self-generated behavior. Human participants generated a time interval and evaluated the signed magnitude of their temporal production. We show that both self-generation and self-evaluation relied on the power of beta oscillations (β; 15–40 Hz) with increases in early β power predictive of increases in duration. We characterized the dynamics of β power in a low-dimensional space (β state-space trajectories) as a function of timing and found that the more distinct trajectories, the more accurate metacognitive inferences were. These results suggest that β states instantiate an internal variable determining the fate of the timing network’s trajectory, possibly as release from inhibition. Altogether, our study describes oscillatory mechanisms for timing, suggesting that temporal metacognition relies on inferential processes of self-generated dynamics.

scholarly journals Confidence in action: differences between perceived accuracy of decision and motor response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Siedlecka ◽  
Marcin Koculak ◽  
Borysław Paulewicz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Response ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Action Processing ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Response Confidence ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Confidence Ratings

AbstractEach of our decisions is associated with a degree of confidence. This confidence can change once we have acted as we might start doubting our choice or even become convinced that we made a mistake. In this study, we explore the relations between action and our confidence that our decision was correct or erroneous. Fifty-six volunteers took part in a perceptual decision task in which their decisions could either lead to action or not. At the end of each trial, participants rated their confidence that their decision was correct, or they reported that they had made an error. The main results showed that when given after a response, confidence ratings were higher and more strongly related to decision accuracy, and post-response reports of errors more often indicated actual errors. The results support the view that error awareness and confidence might be partially based on post-action processing.

scholarly journals Temporal metacognition as the decoding of self-generated brain dynamics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz W. Kononowicz ◽  
Clémence Roger ◽  
Virginie van Wassenhove
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Internal Variable ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Oscillatory Mechanisms ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Low Dimensional

SUMMARYMetacognition, the ability to know about one’s thought process, is self-referential. Here, we combined psychophysics and time-resolved neuroimaging to explore metacognitive inference on the accuracy of a self-generated behavior. Human participants generated a time interval and evaluated the signed magnitude of their temporal production. We show that both self-generation and self-evaluation relied on the power of beta oscillations (β; 15−40 Hz) with increases in early β power predictive of increases in duration. We characterized the dynamics of β power in a low dimensional space (β state-space trajectories) as a function of timing and found that the more distinct trajectories, the more accurate metacognitive inferences were. These results suggest that β states instantiates an internal variable determining the fate of the timing network’s trajectory, possibly as release from inhibition. Altogether, our study describes oscillatory mechanisms for timing, suggesting that temporal metacognition relies on inferential processes of self-generated dynamics.

scholarly journals Confidence in action: Differences between perceived accuracy of decision and motor response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Siedlecka ◽  
Marcin Koculak ◽  
Borysław Paulewicz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Response ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Response Confidence ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Confidence Ratings

AbstractEach of our decisions is associated with a degree of confidence. This confidence can change once we have acted because we might start doubting our choice or even become convinced that we have made a mistake. In this study, we explore the relations between action and our confidence that our decision was correct or erroneous. Fifty-four volunteers took part in a perceptual decision task in which their decisions could either lead to action or not. At the end of each trial, participants rated their confidence that their decision was correct, or they reported that they had made an error. The main results showed that when given after a response, confidence ratings were higher and more strongly related to decision accuracy, and post-response reports of errors more often indicated actual errors. The results support the view that error awareness and confidence might be partially based on postaction processing.

scholarly journals Evaluation of self-generated behavior: untangling metacognitive read-out and error detection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz W. Kononowicz ◽  
Virginie van Wassenhove
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Oscillatory Brain Activity ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTWhen producing a duration, for instance by pressing a key for one second, the brain relies on self-generated neuronal dynamics to monitor the “flow of time”. Converging evidence has suggested that the brain can also monitor itself monitoring time. Here, we investigated which brain mechanisms support metacognitive inferences when self-generating timing behavior. Although studies have shown that participants can reliably detect temporal errors when generating a duration (Akdogan & Balci, 2017; Kononowicz et al., 2017), the neural bases underlying the evaluation and the monitoring of this self-generated temporal behavior are unknown. Theories of psychological time have also remained silent about such self-evaluation abilities. How are temporal errors inferred on the basis of purely internally driven brain dynamics without external reference for time? We contrasted the error-detection hypothesis, in which error-detection would result from the comparison of competing motor plans with the read-out hypothesis, in which errors would result from inferring the state of an internal code for motor timing. Human participants generated a time interval, and evaluated the magnitude of their timing (first and second order behavioral judgments, respectively) while being recorded with time-resolved neuroimaging. Focusing on the neural signatures following the termination of self-generated duration, we found several regions involved in performance monitoring, which displayed a linear association between the power of α (8-14 Hz) oscillations, and the duration of the produced interval. Altogether, our results support the read-out hypothesis and indicate that first-order signals may be integrated for the evaluation of self-generated behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen typing on a keyboard, the brain estimates where the finger should land, but also when. The endogenous generation of the when in time is naturally accompanied by timing errors which, quite remarkably, participants can accurately rate as being too short or too long, and also by how much. Here, we explored the brain mechanisms supporting such temporal metacognitive inferences. For this, we contrasted two working hypotheses (error-detection vs. read-out), and showed that the pattern of evoked and oscillatory brain activity parsimoniously accounted best for a read-out mechanism. Our results suggest the existence of meta-representations of time estimates.

Saccades curve away from previously inhibited locations: evidence for the role of priming in oculomotor competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 2370-2377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artem V. Belopolsky ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Distractor Location ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Empty Location

The oculomotor system serves as the basis for representing concurrently competing motor programs. Here, we examine whether the oculomotor system also keeps track of the outcome of competition between target and distractor on the previous trial. Participants had to perform a simple task of making a saccade toward a predefined direction. On two-thirds of the trials, an irrelevant distractor was presented to either the left or right of the fixation. On one-third of the trials, no distractor was present. The results show that on trials without a distractor, saccades curved away from the empty location that was occupied by a distractor on the previous trial. This result was replicated and extended to cases when different saccade directions were used. In addition, we show that repetition of distractor location on the distractor-present trials results in a stronger curvature away and in a shorter saccade latency to the target. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that the oculomotor system automatically codes and retains locations that had been ignored in the past to bias future behavior.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Self-generated Behavior: Untangling Metacognitive Readout and Error Detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1641-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz W. Kononowicz ◽  
Virginie van Wassenhove
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Linear Association ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Brain

When producing a duration, for instance, by pressing a key for 1 sec, the brain relies on self-generated neuronal dynamics to monitor the “flow of time.” Evidence has suggested that the brain can also monitor itself monitoring time, the so-called self-evaluation. How are temporal errors inferred on the basis of purely internally driven brain dynamics with no external reference for time? Although studies have shown that participants can reliably detect temporal errors when generating a duration, the neural bases underlying the evaluation of this self-generated temporal behavior are unknown. Theories of psychological time have also remained silent about such self-evaluation abilities. We assessed the contributions of an error-detection mechanism, in which error detection results from the ability to estimate the latency of motor actions, and of a readout mechanism, in which errors would result from inferring the state of a duration representation. Error detection predicts a V-shape association between neural activity and self-evaluation at the offset of a produced interval, whereas the readout predicts a linear association. Here, human participants generated a time interval and evaluated the magnitude of their timing (first- and second-order behavioral judgments, respectively). Focusing on the MEG/EEG signatures after the termination of the self-generated duration, we found several cortical sources involved in performance monitoring displaying a linear association between the power of alpha (α = 8–14 Hz) oscillations and self-evaluation. Altogether, our results support the readout hypothesis and indicate that duration representation may be integrated for the evaluation of self-generated behavior.

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