scholarly journals Environmental correlates of genetic variation in the invasive and largely panmictic European starling in North America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie R. Hofmeister ◽  
Scott J. Werner ◽  
Irby J. Lovette

ABSTRACTPopulations of invasive species that colonize and spread in novel environments may differentiate both through demographic processes and local selection. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were introduced to New York in 1890 and subsequently spread throughout North America, becoming one of the most widespread and numerous bird species on the continent. Genome-wide comparisons across starling individuals and populations can identify demographic and/or selective factors that facilitated this rapid and successful expansion. We investigated patterns of genomic diversity and differentiation using reduced-representation genome sequencing (ddRADseq) of 17 winter-season starling populations. Consistent with this species’ high dispersal rate and rapid expansion history, we found low geographic differentiation and few FST outliers even at a continental scale. Despite starting from a founding population of approximately 180 individuals, North American starlings show only a moderate genetic bottleneck, and models suggest a dramatic increase in effective population size since introduction. In genotype-environment associations we found that ∼200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms are correlated with temperature and/or precipitation against a background of negligible genome- and range-wide divergence. Local adaptation in North American starlings may have evolved rapidly even in this wide-ranging and evolutionarily young population. This survey of genomic signatures of expansion in North American starlings is the most comprehensive to date and complements ongoing studies of world-wide local adaptation in these highly dispersive and invasive birds.

2014 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 274-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane B. Pool ◽  
Arvind O. Panjabi ◽  
Alberto Macias-Duarte ◽  
Deanna M. Solhjem

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 5135-5148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ge ◽  
Gavin Gong ◽  
Allan Frei

Abstract The wintertime Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern has previously been shown to influence springtime snow conditions over portions of North America. This paper develops a more complete physical understanding of this linkage across the continent, using a recently released long-term, continental-scale gridded North American snow depth dataset and the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis data. An empirical orthogonal function–based filtering process is used to identify and isolate the interannual snow depth variations associated with PNA. Then linear and partial correlations are employed to investigate the physical mechanisms that link winter PNA with spring snow depth. In the positive phase of PNA, the enhanced PNA pressure centers lead to warmer temperatures over northwestern North America and less precipitation at midlatitudes. The temperature and precipitation pathways act independently and in distinct geographical regions, and together they serve to reduce winter snow depth across much of North America. Winter anomalies in the snow depth field then tend to persist into spring. Dynamic mechanisms responsible for the PNA-influenced North American precipitation and temperature anomalies, involving moisture transport and cold air intrusions, are confirmed in this study and also extended to continental snow depth anomalies.


2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (39) ◽  
pp. 12127-12132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Chaput ◽  
Björn Kriesche ◽  
Matthew Betts ◽  
Andrew Martindale ◽  
Rafal Kulik ◽  
...  

As the Cordilleran and Laurentide Ice Sheets retreated, North America was colonized by human populations; however, the spatial patterns of subsequent population growth are unclear. Temporal frequency distributions of aggregated radiocarbon (14C) dates are used as a proxy of population size and can be used to track this expansion. The Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database contains more than 35,000 14C dates and is used in this study to map the spatiotemporal demographic changes of Holocene populations in North America at a continental scale for the past 13,000 y. We use the kernel method, which converts the spatial distribution of 14C dates into estimates of population density at 500-y intervals. The resulting maps reveal temporally distinct, dynamic patterns associated with paleodemographic trends that correspond well to genetic, archaeological, and ethnohistoric evidence of human occupation. These results have implications for hypothesizing and testing migration routes into and across North America as well as the relative influence of North American populations on the evolution of the North American ecosystem.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Lepage ◽  
Charles M. Francis

Abstract Few monitoring programs in North America track bird populations at a continental scale during the winter, a critical stage of the life cycle for many species. To date, only Christmas Bird Counts (CBC) have been used to index bird abundance in winter across North America. We evaluated another continentwide program, Project FeederWatch (PFW), which monitors many bird species more intensively than CBC. PFW is a survey in which volunteers use standardized methods to count birds visiting feeders every two weeks from November through April. We compared population indices and trends from PFW and CBC data for 43 species in 3 regions of Ontario, Canada, over a 21-year period from 1976–1997. Annual population indices from PFW were significantly positively correlated with similar indices from CBC for about 80% of species for which annual variation in counts was substantially greater than sampling error. Log-linear population trends from both surveys were also well correlated, though the absolute value of the trend estimates tended to be higher for PFW. The high consistency between surveys suggests that both may be suitable for detecting population changes for many bird species in winter, especially irruptive species that show large annual fluctuations, and species with marked population trends. However, some species did not correspond between surveys, despite being measured fairly precisely, highlighting the value of having two independent surveys to corroborate patterns. Christmas Bird Counts have the advantage that they sample more species, but Project FeederWatch has a more consistent protocol and continues through the winter, allowing analysis of changes in populations through the winter. ¿Proveen los Conteos en Comederos Información Fidedigna sobre Cambios en las Poblaciones de Aves? 21 Años de Conteos Invernales de Aves en Ontario, Canadá Resumen. Pocos programas de monitoreo en América del Norte siguen a las poblaciones de aves a escala continental durante el invierno, cuando muchas especies pasan por una etapa crítica en su ciclo de vida. Hasta el presente, sólo los Conteos de Aves de Navidad (CAN) han sido usados para cuantificar la abundancia de aves en el invierno a lo largo de América del Norte. Nosotros evaluamos otro programa a nivel continental, el Proyecto de Observación de Comederos (POC), el cual sigue muchas especies de aves de modo más intenso que los CAN. El POC es un programa de muestreo en el cual voluntarios usan métodos estandarizados para contar las aves que visitan comederos, censándolas cada dos semanas entre noviembre y abril. Comparamos índices y tendencias poblacionales de los datos del POC y de los CAN para 43 especies en 3 regiones de Ontario, Canadá, a lo largo de un período de 21 años entre 1976 y 1997. Los índices poblacionales anuales del POC estuvieron positiva y significativamente correlacionados con índices similares de los CAN para alrededor del 80% de las especies, considerando aquellas para las que la variación anual en los conteos fue sustancialmente mayor que el error de muestreo. Las tendencias poblacionales de ambos muestreos, representadas de modo log-lineal, también estuvieron bien correlacionadas, aunque el valor absoluto de la tendencia estimada tendió a ser mayor para el POC. La alta consistencia entre los programas de muestreo sugiere que ambos pueden ser adecuados para detectar los cambios poblacionales de muchas especies de aves durante el invierno, especialmente para especies eruptivas que muestran grandes fluctuaciones anuales, y para aquellas con tendencias poblacionales marcadas. Sin embargo, algunas especies mostraron diferencias entre los programas de muestreo a pesar de haber sido medidas de modo bastante preciso, destacando el valor de tener dos métodos de muestreo independientes para corroborar los patrones. Los Conteos de Aves de Navidad tienen la ventaja de que muestrean más especies, pero el Proyecto de Observación de Comederos posee un protocolo más consistente y se prolonga a través del invierno, permitiendo analizar los cambios de las poblaciones a través de este período.


The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 822-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey A. Lott ◽  
Jeff P. Smith

Abstract Analysis of stable hydrogen isotope ratios in feathers (δDf) is a promising method for investigating population connectivity in migratory birds. Stable hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation (δDp) vary across North America with respect to latitude, elevation, and seasonal air-mass trajectories. A strong relationship between δDf and δDp at locations of feather growth has been documented for several bird species. Some studies have used measurements of δDf to plot the origins of migrants on maps of long-term weighted-average, growing-season North American δDp (hereafter “δDp maps”) using the observed relationship between δDf and δDp from a reference sample of known-origin birds. The accuracy of this method depends on the strength of the δDf and δDp relationship and accuracy of the δDp maps. Recently, a high-resolution (1-km2) model of North American δDp was published (Meehan et al. 2004) that accounts for the effect of elevation on δDp where previous models did not. We compared δDf measurements from a geographically diverse sample of 264 raptor feathers with δDp estimates for feather-sample locations. We documented a strong relationship between raptor δDf and δDp across North America. However, we also documented substantial regional variation in this relationship. We created a “base map” of North American raptor δDf that incorporated the regional variation described by our sample. We plotted δDf values from migrant Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) captured in eastern Nevada directly on this map to demonstrate how it can be used to view the origins of migrants. Un Procedimiento Basado en Sistemas de Información Geográfica para Estimar el Origen de las Aves Rapaces Migratorias en Norte América Usando los Cocientes de Isótopos Estables de Hidrógeno Presentes en las Plumas


2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 383-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin I. Cook ◽  
Jason E. Smerdon ◽  
Richard Seager ◽  
Edward R. Cook

Abstract Regional droughts are common in North America, but pan-continental droughts extending across multiple regions, including the 2012 event, are rare relative to single-region events. Here, the tree-ring-derived North American Drought Atlas is used to investigate drought variability in four regions over the last millennium, focusing on pan-continental droughts. During the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the central plains (CP), Southwest (SW), and Southeast (SE) regions experienced drier conditions and increased occurrence of droughts and the Northwest (NW) experienced several extended pluvials. Enhanced MCA aridity in the SW and CP manifested as multidecadal megadroughts. Notably, megadroughts in these regions differed in their timing and persistence, suggesting that they represent regional events influenced by local dynamics rather than a unified, continental-scale phenomena. There is no trend in pan-continental drought occurrence, defined as synchronous droughts in three or more regions. SW, CP, and SE (SW+CP+SE) droughts are the most common, occurring in 12% of all years and peaking in prevalence during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; patterns involving three other regions occur in about 8% of years. Positive values of the Southern Oscillation index (La Niña conditions) are linked to SW, CP, and SE (SW+CP+SE) droughts and SW, CP, and NW (SW+CP+NW) droughts, whereas CP, NW, and SE (CP+NW+SE) droughts are associated with positive values of the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. While relatively rare, pan-continental droughts are present in the paleo record and are linked to defined modes of climate variability, implying the potential for seasonal predictability. Assuming stable drought teleconnections, these events will remain an important feature of future North American hydroclimate, possibly increasing in their severity in step with other expected hydroclimate responses to increased greenhouse gas forcing.


2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1151-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dusabenyagasani ◽  
G Laflamme ◽  
R C Hamelin

We detected nucleotide polymorphisms within the genus Gremmeniella in DNA sequences of β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial small subunit rRNA (mtSSU rRNA) genes. A group-I intron was present in strains originating from fir (Abies spp.) in the mtSSU rRNA locus. This intron in the mtSSU rRNA locus of strains isolated from Abies sachalinensis (Fridr. Schmidt) M.T. Mast in Asia was also found in strains isolated from Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. in North America. Phylogenetic analyses yielded trees that grouped strains by host of origin with strong branch support. Asian strains of Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet var. abietina isolated from fir (A. sachalinensis) were more closely related to G. abietina var. balsamea from North America, which is found on spruce (Picea spp.) and balsam fir, and European and North American races of G. abietina var. abietina from pines (Pinus spp.) were distantly related. Likewise, North American isolates of Gremmeniella laricina (Ettinger) O. Petrini, L.E. Petrini, G. Laflamme, & G.B. Ouellette, a pathogen of larch, was more closely related to G. laricina from Europe than to G. abietina var. abietina from North America. These data suggest that host specialization might have been the leading evolutionary force shaping Gremmeniella spp., with geographic separation acting as a secondary factor.Key words: Gremmeniella, geographic separation, host specialization, mitochondrial rRNA, nuclear genes.


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