scholarly journals Partners in health? Investigating social genetic effects for married and cohabiting couples

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jornt Mandemakers ◽  
Kasper Otten
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Social Contagion ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Social ◽  
Partner Similarity

Abstract‘Social contagion’ research suggests that health behaviors (BMI, smoking, drinking, etc.) spread through social networks, including dyadic ties such as between married/cohabiting partners. However, separating contagion from assortative mating (‘like seeks like’) and shared environmental factors remains notoriously difficult in observational studies. It is not possible to obtain exogenous variation in long-term partnerships (‘random mating’), but genetic approaches can offer a novel way to examine partner similarity and the role of social contagion. This paper explores possible social genetic effects among partners, i.e., effects of the partner’s genes on one’s own behavior. We use the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study with data on health behavior and genomic data for both ego and his/her partner to examine social genetic effects for BMI, drinking, and smoking behavior. For each outcome, we find support for social genetic effects. Americans of European descent were more overweight if they had partners with higher polygenic scores for BMI net of their own polygenic score. Similar findings were found for the number of drinks per week and cigarettes per day. Longitudinal analyses that conditioned on past health behavior of both spouses confirmed these findings. We further explored whether susceptibility to the partner’s influence differed between men and women, but did not find consistent differences across outcomes. Findings are further discussed in the light of ramifications of social genetic effects for the social and biological sciences.

scholarly journals Konseling Model Transteoritik dalam Perubahan Perilaku Merokok pada Remaja

2013 ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Adhitya Mardhika Saputra ◽  
Noni Mardeka Sary
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
The Media ◽  
Counseling Clients

Perkembangan perokok di kalangan anak-anak dan remaja semakin meningkat, baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas. Data Global Youth Tobacco Survey terakhir di tahun 2009, menunjukkan 20,3% anak sekolah 13 - 15 tahun merokok. Perokok pemula usia 10 - 14 tahun naik 2 kali lipat dalam 10 tahun terakhir dari 9,5% pada tahun 2001 menjadi 17,5% pada tahun 2010. Angka perokok pada usia remaja yang tinggi meningkatkan risiko penyakit. Berdasarkan penelitian, para perokok yang terus merokok dalam jangka panjang memiliki risiko kematian tiga kali lebih tinggi daripada mereka yang bukan perokok. Individu mulai merokok disebabkan oleh pengaruh lingkungan sosial, seperti teman-teman, orang tua, dan media sehingga diperlukan suatu konseling terhadap remaja, salah satu metode konseling dengan pendekatan model transteoritik. Dalam beberapa kajian, terbukti model transteoritik efektif dalam mengubah perilaku merokok pada remaja. Berdasarkan kajian tersebut, diharapkan para konselor dalam memberikan konseling hendaknya memperhatikan kesiapan klien dalam mengubah perilaku hidupnya (aktivitas fisik) sesuai dengan tahap-tahapan yang ada dalam model transteoritik.The quantitiy and quality of smoking habits in adolescents are rising, steadily. According to Data Global Youth Tobacco Survey in 2009, showed 20.3% of school children 13 - 15 years were smoking. A beginner smokers aged 10 - 14 years increased 2-fold in the last 10 years from 9.5% in 2001 to 17.5% in 2010. High number of smokers in adolescence will increase the risk of disease. Based on studies, smokers who keep smoking in the long term would face the possibility of death three times higher than nonsmokers. People started to smoke because the influence of the social environment such as friends, parents, and the media thus needed a counseling to adolescents that is one with the approaches of counseling methods transtheoritical model (TTM).Transtheoritical models in several studies provedeffective in changing smoking behavior in adolescents. Based on the study is expected to provide counselors should keep in readiness counseling clients in behavioral change his life (physical activity), it has been doing according to the stages in the transtheoritical model.

scholarly journals The Association of Peer Smoking Behavior and Social Support with Quit Success in Employees Who Participated in a Smoking Cessation Intervention at the Workplace

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floor A. van den Brand ◽  
Puck Nagtzaam ◽  
Gera E. Nagelhout ◽  
Bjorn Winkens ◽  
Constant P. van Schayck
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Cessation Intervention ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Cessation Intervention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Continuous Abstinence

The current study investigated whether quit success among employees who participated in a smoking cessation intervention at the workplace was associated with social support from, and the smoking behavior of, people in their environment. Tobacco-smoking employees (n = 604) from 61 companies participated in a workplace group smoking cessation program. Participants completed questionnaires assessing social support from, and the smoking behavior of, people in their social environment. They were also tested for biochemically validated continuous abstinence directly after finishing the training and after 12 months. The data were analyzed using mixed-effects logistic regression analyses. Social support from colleagues was positively associated with 12-month quit success (odds ratio (OR) = 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–3.00, p = 0.013). Support from a partner was positively associated with short-term quit success (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.23–3.30, p = 0.006). Having a higher proportion of smokers in the social environment was negatively associated with long-term abstinence (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71–0.92, p = 0.002). Compared to having a non-smoking partner, long-term quit success was negatively associated with having no partner (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.88, p < 0.019), with having a partner who smokes (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24–0.66, p < 0.001), and with having a partner who used to smoke (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.26–0.86, p = 0.014). In conclusion, people in a smoker’s social environment, particularly colleagues, were strongly associated with quit success. The workplace may, therefore, be a favorable setting for smoking cessation interventions.

Social and Genetic Pathways in Multigenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hexuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Social ◽  
Genome Wide Data ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Parents Education

This study investigates the complex roles of the social environment and genes in the multigenerational transmission of educational attainment. Drawing on genome-wide data and educational attainment measures from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I conduct polygenic score analyses to examine genetic confounding in the estimation of parents’ and grandparents’ influences on their children’s and grandchildren’s educational attainment. I also examine social genetic effects (i.e., genetic effects that operate through the social environment) in the transmission of educational attainment across three generations. Two-generation analyses produce three important findings. First, about one-fifth of the parent-child association in education reflects genetic inheritance. Second, up to half of the association between parents’ polygenic scores and children’s education is mediated by parents’ education. Third, about one-third of the association between children’s polygenic scores and their educational attainment is attributable to parents’ genotypes and education. Three-generation analyses suggest that genetic confounding on the estimate of the direct effect of grandparents’ education on grandchildren’s education (net of parents’ education) may be inconsequential, and I find no evidence that grandparents’ genotypes significantly influence grandchildren’s education through non-biological pathways. The three-generation results are suggestive, and the results may change when different samples are used.

scholarly journals The Intersection of Public Policy and Health Behavior Theory in the Physical Activity Arena

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (s1) ◽  
pp. S91-S98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve F. Dunton ◽  
Michael Cousineau ◽  
Kim D. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Physical Activity Change ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Behavior Theories ◽  
Policy Strategies

Background:Policy strategies aimed at modifying aspects of the social, physical, economic, and educational environments have been proposed as potential solutions to the growing problem of physical inactivity. To develop effective physical activity policies in these and other areas, greater understanding of how and why policies successfully impact behavior change is needed.Methods:The current paper proposes a conceptual framework explaining how policy strategies map onto health behavior theoretical variables and processes thought to lead to physical activity change. This framework is used to make hypotheses about the potential effectiveness of different policy strategies.Results:Health behavior theories suggest that policies providing information may be particularly useful for individuals who are not yet considering or have only recently begun to consider becoming more physically active. Policies that provide opportunities may be less effective for individuals who do not find physical activity to be inherently fun and interesting. Policies that offer incentives or require the behavior may not be particularly useful at promoting long-term changes in physical activity.Conclusion:Exploring possible connections between policy strategies and theoretical constructs can help to clarify how each approach might work and for whom it may be the most appropriate to implement.

Economic Development in 2006 and the Future of the Russian Economy: The Non-Resource-Based Sector Potential (The Economic Report of All-Russia Business Union “Delovaya Rossiya”)

2007 ◽  
pp. 27-45
Author(s):  
B. Titov ◽  
I. Pilipenko ◽  
A. Danilov-Danilyan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Report ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Export Industries ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

The report considers how the state economic policy contributes to the national economic development in the midterm perspective. It analyzes main current economic problems of the Russian economy, i.e. low effectiveness of the social system, high dependence on export industries and natural resources, high monopolization and underdeveloped free market, as well as barriers that hinder non-recourse-based business development including high tax burden, skilled labor deficit and lack of investment capital. We propose a social-oriented market economy as the Russian economic model to achieve a sustainable economic growth in the long-term perspective. This model is based on people’s prosperity and therefore expanding domestic demand that stimulates the growth of domestic non-resource-based sector which in turn can accelerate annual GDP growth rates to 10-12%. To realize this model "Delovaya Rossiya" proposes a program that consists of a number of directions and key groups of measures covering priority national projects, tax, fiscal, monetary, innovative-industrial, trade and social policies.

Threatening Conditions and Challenges in the Modern Living of the Old People in Republic of Macedonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Hava Rexhep
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Functional Dependency ◽  
Old People ◽  
Stomach Diseases ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Build System

The aging is not only a personal but also a social challenge from several aspects, several dimensions; a challenge aiming to build system approaches and solutions with a long term importance. Aims: the main aim of this research is to investigate the conditions and challenges in the modern living of the old people, primarily in terms of the social care. However, this research is concentrated on a big group of the population and their challenges are the most intensive in the modern living. The investigation of the conditions and challenges in the aging are basis and encouragement in realizing the progressive approaches in order to improve the modern living of the old people. The practical aim of the research is a deep investigation and finding important data, analyzing the basic indicators of the conditions, needs and challenges in order to facilitate the old population to get ready for the new life. Methods and techniques: Taking into consideration the complexity of the research problem, the basic methodological approach is performed dominantly by descriptive-analytical method. The basic instrument for getting data in the research is the questionnaire with leading interview for the old people. Results: The research showed that the old people over 70-79 years old in a bigger percentage manifested difficulties primarily related to the functional dependency, respectively 39,33 % of the participants in this category showed concern about some specific functional dependency from the offered categories. The percentage of the stomach diseases with 38,33 % is important, as well as the kidney diseases with 32,83% related to the total population and the category of the old people over 80. Conclusion: The old people very often accept the life as it is, often finding things fulfilled with tolerance and satisfaction. However the health problems of the old people are characterized with a dominant representation. The chronic diseases and the diseases characteristic for the aging are challenge in organizing adequate protection which addresses to taking appropriate regulations, programs and activities.

Heterogeneous Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19: Costs and Benefits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Mental Health Functioning ◽  
Health Functioning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mental Health Costs ◽  
Long Term Impact

In this commentary, I argue that the mental health impact of COVID-19 will show substantial variation across individuals, contexts, and time. Further, one key contributor to this variation will be the proximal and long-term impact of COVID-19 on the social environment. In addition to the mental health costs of the pandemic, it is likely that a subset of people will experience improved social and mental health functioning.

Unmaking and Remaking the World in Long-Term Solitary Confinement

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Lisa Guenther
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Hunger Strike ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Collective Resistance ◽  
Civil Death

In The Body in Pain, Elaine Scarry analyzes the structure of torture as an unmaking of the world in which the tools that ought to support a person’s embodied capacities are used as weapons to break them down. The Security Housing Unit (SHU) of California’s Pelican Bay State Prison functions as a weaponized architecture of torture in precisely this sense; but in recent years, prisoners in the Pelican Bay Short Corridor have re-purposed this weaponized architecture as a tool for remaking the world through collective resistance. This resistance took the form of a hunger strike in which prisoners exposed themselves to the possibility of biological death in order to contest the social and civil death of solitary confinement. By collectively refusing food, and by articulating the meaning and motivation of this refusal in articles, interviews, artwork, and legal documents, prisoners reclaimed and expanded their perceptual, cognitive, and expressive capacities for world-making, even in a space of systematic torture.

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