scholarly journals The Neural Basis of Predictive Pursuit

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seng Bum Michael Yoo ◽  
Jiaxin Cindy Tu ◽  
Steven T. Piantadosi ◽  
Benjamin Yost Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTIt remains unclear how and to what extent non-human animals make demanding on-the-fly predictions during pursuit. We studied this problem in a novel laboratory pursuit task that incentivizes prediction of future prey positions. We trained three macaques to perform joystick-controlled pursuit of prey that followed intelligent escape algorithms. Subjects reliably aimed towards the prey’s likely future positions, indicating that they generate internal predictions and use those predictions to guide behavior. We then developed a generative model that explains real-time pursuit trajectories and showed that our subjects use prey position, velocity, and acceleration to make predictions. We identified neurons in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) whose responses track these three variables. These neurons multiplexed prediction-related variables with a distinct and explicit representation of the prey’s future position. Our results provide a clear demonstration that the brain can explicitly represent future predictions and highlight the critical role of anterior cingulate cortex for future-oriented cognition.One-sentence summaryIn a dynamic pursuit environment, monkeys actively predict future prey positions and dACC neurons encode these future positions.

scholarly journals The Role of Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Regulation of Craving by Reappraisal in Smokers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e43598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yan Zhao ◽  
Jie Tian ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Wei Qin ◽  
Jie Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Synapse Regression in Depression: The Role of 5-HT Receptors in Modulating NMDA Receptor Function and Synaptic Plasticity

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
AO Bennett ◽  
R Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Functional Polymorphisms ◽  
Nmda Receptor Function ◽  
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
The Brain

Depression is accompanied by an increase in activity in the amygdala and a decrease in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), with the former attributed to a failure of the latter to exert its normal inhibitory influence. This failure is likely due to regression of synaptic connections between the rACC and the amygdala, a process reversed in part by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The present work presents a hypothesis as to how SSRIs might bring about this process and hence normalization of activity, at least in patients that are responsive to SSRIs. Serotonin receptors of the excitatory 5-HT2AR class increase N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) efficacy, while those of the inhibitory 5-HT1AR class decrease NMDAR efficacy. A decrease of 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) efficacy, either during human development through functional polymorphisms, or in animals through 5-HTT transgenic knockouts, is accompanied by a decrease in 5-HT1AR and hence an increase in excitability and NMDAR efficacy which drives an increase in synaptic spines in the amygdala. As the limbic region of the brain normally possesses high levels of 5-HT1AR the effect of loss of these is to increase excitation in this region, as is observed. Changes in the level of extracellular 5-HT in adult animals also modulates the density of synaptic spines, with these increasing with an increase in 5-HT, possibly as a consequence of increases in 5-HT2AR activity over that of 5-HT1AR. Increasing extracellular levels of 5-HT with SSRIs would then lead to an increase in excitability and in synaptic spines for afferents in the dorsal rostral anterior cingulate cortex but not in the ventral regions such as the amygdala that have few 5-HT2AR. This allows dorsal regions to once more exert their inhibitory influence over ventral regions. In this way, SSRIs may exert their effect in normalizing dorsal hypometabolism and ventral hypermetabolism in those suffering from depression.

scholarly journals Curiosity is associated with enhanced tonic firing in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Zhe Wang ◽  
Benjamin Yost Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
New Information ◽  
Trial Basis

ABSTRACTDisparity between current and desired information, known as information gap, is an important driver of information-seeking and curiosity. To gain insight into its neural basis, we recorded responses of single neurons in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) while rhesus macaques performed a task that induces and quantifies demand for information. We find that enhanced firing rates in dACC before the start of a trial predict a stronger bias towards information-seeking choices. Following choices of uninformative options, firing rates are tonically enhanced until information is delivered. The level of enhancement observed is correlated on a trial-by-trial basis with the value assigned to the prospective information. Finally, variation in this tone is positively correlated with receptiveness to new information, as inferred by preference changes on subsequent trials. These patterns are not observed in a complementary dataset collected in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), suggesting these effects reflect at least somewhat anatomically localized processing.

scholarly journals Macaque anterior cingulate cortex deactivation impairs performance and alters lateral prefrontal oscillatory activities in a rule-switching task

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liya Ma ◽  
Jason L. Chan ◽  
Kevin Johnston ◽  
Stephen G. Lomber ◽  
Stefan Everling
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
Switching Task

SUMMARYIn primates, both the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are key regions of the frontoparietal cognitive control network. To study the role of the dACC and its communication with the dlPFC in cognitive control, we recorded the local field potentials from the dlPFC before and during the reversible deactivation of the dACC, in macaque monkeys engaging in uncued switches between two stimulus-response rules. Cryogenic dACC deactivation impaired response accuracy during rule-maintenance, but not rule-switching, which coincided with a reduction in the correct-error difference in dlPFC beta activities specifically during maintenance of the more challenging rule. During both rule switching and maintenance, dACC deactivation prolonged the animals’ reaction time and reduced task-related theta/alpha activities in the dlPFC; it also weakened dlPFC theta-gamma phase-amplitude modulation. Thus, the dACC and its interaction with the dlPFC plays a critical role in the maintenance of a new, challenging rule.

scholarly journals Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239821282110077
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Salehinejad ◽  
Elham Ghanavati ◽  
Md Harun Ar Rashid ◽  
Michael A. Nitsche
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
The Brain

Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Different models and approaches are proposed for describing how executive functions are functionally organised in the brain. One popular and recently proposed organising principle of executive functions is the distinction between hot (i.e. reward or affective-related) versus cold (i.e. purely cognitive) domains of executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is traditionally linked to executive functions, but on the other hand, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are hugely involved in executive functions as well. In this review, we first define executive functions, their domains, and the appropriate methods for studying them. Second, we discuss how hot and cold executive functions are linked to different areas of the prefrontal cortex. Next, we discuss the association of hot versus cold executive functions with the cingulate cortex, focusing on the anterior and posterior compartments. Finally, we propose a functional model for hot and cold executive function organisation in the brain with a specific focus on the fronto-cingular network. We also discuss clinical implications of hot versus cold cognition in major neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism) and attempt to characterise their profile according to the functional dominance or manifest of hot–cold cognition. Our model proposes that the lateral prefrontal cortex along with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are more relevant for cold executive functions, while the medial–orbital prefrontal cortex along with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex are more closely involved in hot executive functions. This functional distinction, however, is not absolute and depends on several factors including task features, context, and the extent to which the measured function relies on cognition and emotion or both.

scholarly journals Forward planning driven by context-dependent conflict processing in anterior cingulate cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ott ◽  
Stefan Kiebel ◽  
Eric Legler
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Explicit Calculation ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Allocation Decisions

Forward planning is often essential to achieve goals over extended time periods. However, forward planning is typically computationally costly for the brain and should only be employed when necessary. The explicit calculation of how necessary forward planning will be, is in itself computationally costly. We therefore assumed that the brain generates a mapping from a particular situation to a proxy of planning value to make fast decisions about whether to use forward planning, or not. Moreover, since the state space of real world decision problems can be large, we hypothesized that such a mapping will rely on mechanisms that generalize sets of situations based on shared demand for planning. We tested this hypothesis in an fMRI study using a novel complex sequential task. Our results indicate that participants abstracted from the set of task features to more generalized control contexts that govern the balancing between forward planning and a simple response strategy. Strikingly, we found that correlations of conflict with response time and with activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were dependent on context. This context-dependency might reflect that the cognitive control system draws on category-based cognition, harnessing regularities in control demand across task space to generate control contexts that help reduce the complexity of control allocation decisions.

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