scholarly journals Parallel genomic architecture underlies repeated sexual signal divergence in Hawaiian Laupala crickets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Blankers ◽  
Kevin P. Oh ◽  
Kerry L. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Major Effect ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Song Divergence ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Phenotypic Distance ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Signal Divergence

ABSTRACTWhen the same phenotype evolves repeatedly, we can explore the predictability of genetic changes underlying phenotypic evolution. Theory suggests that genetic parallelism is less likely when phenotypic changes are governed by many small-effect loci compared to few of major effect, because different combinations of genetic changes can result in the same quantitative outcome. However, some genetic trajectories might be favored over others, making a shared genetic basis to repeated polygenic evolution more likely. To examine this, we studied the genetics of parallel male mating song evolution in the Hawaiian cricket Laupala. We compared quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying song divergence in three species pairs varying in phenotypic distance. We tested whether replicated song divergence between species involves the same QTL and the likelihood that sharing QTL is related to phenotypic effect sizes. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we find substantial parallelism in polygenic genetic architectures underlying repeated song divergence. QTL overlapped more than expected based on simulated QTL analyses. Interestingly, QTL effect size did not predict QTL sharing, but did correlate with magnitude of phenotypic divergence. We highlight potential mechanisms driving these constraints on cricket song evolution and discuss a scenario that consolidates empirical quantitative genetic observations with micro-mutational theory.

scholarly journals Parallel genomic architecture underlies repeated sexual signal divergence in Hawaiian Laupala crickets

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1912) ◽  
pp. 20191479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Blankers ◽  
Kevin P. Oh ◽  
Kerry L. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Song Divergence ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Phenotypic Distance ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Signal Divergence

When the same phenotype evolves repeatedly, we can explore the predictability of genetic changes underlying phenotypic evolution. Theory suggests that genetic parallelism is less likely when phenotypic changes are governed by many small-effect loci compared to few of major effect, because different combinations of genetic changes can result in the same quantitative outcome. However, some genetic trajectories might be favoured over others, making a shared genetic basis to repeated polygenic evolution more likely. To examine this, we studied the genetics of parallel male mating song evolution in the Hawaiian cricket Laupala . We compared quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying song divergence in three species pairs varying in phenotypic distance. We tested whether replicated song divergence between species involves the same QTL and whether the likelihood of QTL sharing is related to QTL effect size. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we find substantial parallelism in polygenic genetic architectures underlying repeated song divergence. QTL overlapped more frequently than expected based on simulated QTL analyses. Interestingly, QTL effect size did not predict QTL sharing, but did correlate with magnitude of phenotypic divergence. We highlight potential mechanisms driving these constraints on cricket song evolution and discuss a scenario that consolidates empirical quantitative genetic observations with micro-mutational theory.

scholarly journals Sympatry drives colour and song evolution in wood-warblers (Parulidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1942) ◽  
pp. 20202804
Author(s):  
Richard K. Simpson ◽  
David R. Wilson ◽  
Allison F. Mistakidis ◽  
Daniel J. Mennill ◽  
Stéphanie M. Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Signal Evolution ◽  
Wood Warblers ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Song Divergence ◽  
Signal Diversity ◽  
Signal Divergence

Closely related species often exhibit similarities in appearance and behaviour, yet when related species exist in sympatry, signals may diverge to enhance species recognition. Prior comparative studies provided mixed support for this hypothesis, but the relationship between sympatry and signal divergence is likely nonlinear. Constraints on signal diversity may limit signal divergence, especially when large numbers of species are sympatric. We tested the effect of sympatric overlap on plumage colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae), a speciose group with diverse visual and vocal signals. We also tested how number of sympatric species influences signal divergence. Allopatric species pairs had overall greater plumage and song divergence compared to sympatric species pairs. However, among sympatric species pairs, plumage divergence positively related to the degree of sympatric overlap in males and females, while male song bandwidth and syllable rate divergence negatively related to sympatric overlap. In addition, as the number of species in sympatry increased, average signal divergence among sympatric species decreased, which is likely due to constraints on warbler perceptual space and signal diversity. Our findings reveal that sympatry influences signal evolution in warblers, though not always as predicted, and that number of sympatric species can limit sympatry's influence on signal evolution.

A clinical study which relates to a theoretical simulation of the glucose transport in the human placenta under various diabetic conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Efrath Barta ◽  
Arieh Drugan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Theoretical Simulation ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Glucose Supply

AbstractTo characterize placental glucose delivery under normoglycemic conditions, gestational and pre-gestational diabetes and to relate the clinical data to theoretical predictions.Data from 125 pregnancies: 50 normal gestations and 75 ones with various types of diabetes were collected. In parallel, we formulated a theoretical model for the transport of glucose under various diabetic conditions. Measured glucose blood levels were fed into the theoretical model that predicts glucose supply to the fetus and the results were confronted with measured fetal weights.Measured fetal weight and computed glucose delivery in gestational diabetic parturients resemble the situation in normal pregnancies. However, pre-gestational diabetes has a major effect as it involves heavier fetuses and enhanced computed glucose fluxesFetal weight (increased in pre-gestational and unaltered in gestational diabetes) correlates with the predicted rate of glucose delivery through the placenta.

The effect of crowding and density on male mating behaviour in the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus)

Behaviour ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 147 (8) ◽  
pp. 1035-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Reichard ◽  
Carl Smith ◽  
Mara Casalini
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Male Density ◽  
Mating System Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Rhodeus Ocellatus

AbstractFemale density and resource availability are two key variables that shape mating systems. Theory predicts that reproductive skew will amplify with increased male density and decreasing availability of resources, though limited empirical evidence suggests that this may not always be the case. Here we tested mean crowding, defined as the number of males per unit of resource, and density per se, defined as the number of individuals present per unit area, to investigate their effect on the mating system of Rhodeus ocellatus, a fish with a promiscuous, resource-based mating system. Males were exposed to combinations of high and low levels of crowding and density, while the operational sex ratio was held constant. High levels of crowding significantly affected the proportion of mussel spawning sites defended by males and the proportion of mussels into which sperm was released. In contrast to theoretical predictions, neither density nor crowding influenced overall male aggressive behaviours. Density, but not crowding, had a significant effect on male courtship rate, which arose as a possible trade-off between intra-sexual competition and inter-sexual behaviour. We discuss the results in the context of mating system evolution.

scholarly journals Rapid courtship evolution in grouse (Tetraonidae): contrasting patterns of acceleration between the Eurasian and North American polygynous clades

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1613) ◽  
pp. 1079-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Spaulding
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sexually Selected Traits ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Rapid Divergence ◽  
Nucleotide Divergence ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Dimorphic Species

Sexual selection is thought to be a powerful diversifying force, based on large ornamental differences between sexually dimorphic species. This assumes that unornamented phenotypes represent evolution without sexual selection. If sexual selection is more powerful than other forms of selection, then two effects would be: rapid divergence of sexually selected traits and a correlation between these divergence rates and variance in mating success in the ornamented sex. I tested for these effects in grouse (Tetraonidae). For three species pairs, within and among polygynous clades, male courtship characters had significantly greater divergence than other characters. This was most pronounced for two species in Tympanuchus . In the Eurasian polygynous clade, relative courtship divergence gradually increased with nucleotide divergence, suggesting a less dramatic acceleration. Increase in relative courtship divergence was associated with mating systems having higher variance in male mating success. These results suggest that sexual selection has accelerated courtship evolution among grouse, although the microevolutionary details appear to vary among clades.

scholarly journals Sexual selection can reduce mutational load in Drosophila subobscura

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Savic-Veselinovic ◽  
Sofija Pavkovic-Lucic ◽  
Zorana Kurbalija-Novicic ◽  
Mihailo Jelic ◽  
Marko Andjelkovic
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Mutational Load ◽  
Genetic Quality ◽  
Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Genetic Pool

According to theoretical predictions sexual selection can reduce mutational load through male mating success. Males of good genetic quality should be more successful in matings, compared to the males of low genetic quality, thus in this way females can prevent deleterious alleles to be transmitted to the next generation. We tested this hypothesis through set up of two experimental groups from same genetic pool, where in one group genetic quality was manipulated by ionizing radiation. Within each group opportunity for choosing mates was imposed: males and females had no choice or had multiple choice. Mutational load was measured through the variability of different fitness components: fecundity and egg-to-adult viability. Our results indicate that sexual selection can reduce mutational load, only for fecundity. Group with the presence of female choice exhibited higher fecundity than group in which sexual selection was experimentally eliminated, but only in ?irradiated? group. There was no overall difference in egg-to-adult viability between different sexual selection regimes in any of the group. It should be considered that sexual selection can cause sexual conflict, and potential opposite effects of sexual selection and sexual conflict on fitness. Genetic structure of populations, in terms of the level of mutational load, is an important factor which can determinate the role of sexual selection.

scholarly journals Study of Some Physiological and Genetic Changes Using the Soybean (Glicine max (L) MEER) Test System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhana Chitanava ◽  
Nana Zarnadze
Keyword(s):  
Mutagenic Activity ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Test System ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Genetic Line ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Genetic Changes

Anthropogenic pressure on the biosphere has become a common process of the 21st century. Among substances synthesized by humans, genotoxic agents which include pesticides are considered to be particularly dangerous. The number of pesticides used in agriculture is gradually increasing, accumulating and circulating in the biosphere. The use of pesticides is accompanied by their involvement in food chains and accumulation in individuals. They are characterized by a fairly high stress index and cause genetic changes in living organisms. Various test methods have been developed to study these issues. B. Wig and Al. Podok suggested a genetic line for soybean containing a mutation of the chlorophyll-synthesizing gene. The genetic line is characterized by a phenotypic effect. Indicator, genetic line owner soybean, diploid, heterozygous, give three phenotypically different sprouts: green (genotype Y11 Y11), lettuce-color (genotype Y11 y11) and yellow (genotype y11 y11). 1: 2: 1 ratio is observed between the sprouts. This type of ratio is typical for incomplete dominance. Through the spots detected on the leaves it is possible to study the recombinogenic and mutagenic activity in soybean induced by chemical and physical factors and to record the induced changes in somatic cell. Using these systems, we first studied the effects of pesticides karate and Bordeaux on plant growth and sprouting processes and the genetic changes induced by their influence. Both pesticides had an inhibitory effect on physiological processes, also, the frequency of direct mutations was determined by the "dose-effect" phenomenon.

scholarly journals The Genetics of Male Pheromone Preference Difference Between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-415
Author(s):  
Michael P. Shahandeh ◽  
Alison Pischedda ◽  
Jason M. Rodriguez ◽  
Thomas L. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Pheromone ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Preference Evolution

Species of flies in the genus Drosophila differ dramatically in their preferences for mates, but little is known about the genetic or neurological underpinnings of this evolution. Recent advances have been made to our understanding of one case: pheromone preference evolution between the species D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Males of both species are very sensitive to the pheromone 7,11-HD that is present only on the cuticle of female D. melanogaster. In one species this cue activates courtship, and in the other it represses it. This change in valence was recently shown to result from the modification of central processing neurons, rather than changes in peripherally expressed receptors, but nothing is known about the genetic changes that are responsible. In the current study, we show that a 1.35 Mb locus on the X chromosome has a major effect on male 7,11-HD preference. Unfortunately, when this locus is divided, the effect is largely lost. We instead attempt to filter the 159 genes within this region using our newfound understanding of the neuronal underpinnings of this phenotype to identify and test candidate genes. We present the results of these tests, and discuss the difficulty of identifying the genetic architecture of behavioral traits and the potential of connecting these genetic changes to the neuronal modifications that elicit different behaviors.

scholarly journals The genetics of male pheromone preference difference between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Shahandeh ◽  
Alison Pischedda ◽  
Jason M. Rodriguez ◽  
Thomas L. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Pheromone ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Preference Evolution

AbstractSpecies of flies in the genus Drosophila differ dramatically in their preferences for mates, but little is known about the genetic or neurological underpinnings of this evolution. Recent advances have been made to our understanding of one case: pheromone preference evolution between the species D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Males of both species are very sensitive to the pheromone 7,11-HD that is present only on the cuticle of female D. melanogaster. In one species this cue activates courtship, and in the other it represses it. This change in valence was recently shown to result from the modification of central processing neurons, rather than changes in peripherally expressed receptors, but nothing is known about the genetic changes that are responsible. In the current study, we show that a 1.35 Mb locus on the X chromosome has a major effect on male 7,11-HD preference. Unfortunately, when this locus is divided, the effect is largely lost. We instead attempt to filter the 159 genes within this region using our newfound understanding of the neuronal underpinnings of this phenotype to identify and test candidate genes. We present the results of these tests, and discuss the difficulty of identifying the genetic architecture of behavioral traits and the potential of connecting these genetic changes to the neuronal modifications that elicit different behaviors.

scholarly journals Non-additive genetic effects induce novel phenotypic distributions in male mating traits of F1 hybrids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Atsumi ◽  
Malgorzata Lagisz ◽  
Shinichi Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Maternal Inheritance ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Novelty

Hybridization is a source of phenotypic novelty and variation because of increased additive genetic variation. Yet, the roles of non-additive allelic interactions in shaping phenotypic mean and variance of hybrids have been underappreciated. Here we examine the distributions of male-mating traits in F1 hybrids via a meta-analysis of 3208 effect sizes from 39 animal species pairs. Although additivity sets phenotypic distributions of F1s to be intermediate, F1s also showed dominance and maternal inheritance. F1s expressed novel phenotypes (beyond the range of both parents) in 65% of species pairs, often associated with increased phenotypic variability. Overall, however, F1s expressed smaller variation than parents in 51% of traits. While genetic divergence between parents did not impact phenotypic novelty, it increased phenotypic variability of F1s. By creating novel phenotypes with increased variability, non-additivity of heterozygotic genome may play key roles in determining mating success of F1s, and their subsequent extinction or speciation.

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