Prevalent pH Controls the Capacity of Galdieria Maxima to Use Ammonia and Nitrate as a Nitrogen Source

Galdieria maxima is a polyextremophilic alga capable of diverse metabolic processes. Ammonia is widely used in culture media typical of laboratory growth. Recent reports that this species can grow on wastes promote the concept that G. maxima might have biotechnological utility. Accordingly, there is a need to know the range of pH levels that can support G. maxima growth in a given nitrogen source. Here, we examined the combined effect of pH and nitrate/ammonium source on the growth and long-term response of the photochemical process to a pH gradient in different G. maxima strains. All were able to use differing nitrogen sources, despite both the growth rate and photochemical activity were significantly affected by the combination with the pH. All strains acidified the NH4+-medium (pH<3); only G. maxima IPPAS P507 showed reduced capacity in lowering the pH from 6.5. pH was a limiting factor in nitrate uptake at pH≥6.5; noteworthy, at pH 5 on nitrate G. maxima ACUF551 showed a good growth performance, despite the alkalization of the medium.

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Prevalent pH Controls the Capacity of Galdieria maxima to Use Ammonia and Nitrate as a Nitrogen Source

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9020232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Manuela Iovinella ◽

Dora Allegra Carbone ◽

Diana Cioppa ◽

Seth J. Davis ◽

Michele Innangi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Nitrogen Source ◽

Culture Media ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Photochemical Activity ◽

Good Growth ◽

Medium Ph ◽

Photochemical Process ◽

Term Response

Galdieria maxima is a polyextremophilic alga capable of diverse metabolic processes. Ammonia is widely used in culture media typical of laboratory growth. Recent reports that this species can grow on wastes promote the concept that G. maxima might have biotechnological utility. Accordingly, there is a need to know the range of pH levels that can support G. maxima growth in a given nitrogen source. Here, we examined the combined effect of pH and nitrate/ammonium source on the growth and long-term response of the photochemical process to a pH gradient in different G. maxima strains. All were able to use differing nitrogen sources, despite both the growth rate and photochemical activity were significantly affected by the combination with the pH. All strains acidified the NH4+-medium (pH < 3) except G. maxima IPPAS P507. Under nitrate at pH ≥ 6.5, no strain was able to acidify the medium; noteworthy, G. maxima ACUF551 showed a good growth performance under nitrate at pH 5, despite the alkalization of the medium.

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Mutants affecting histidine utilization inAspergillus nidulans

Genetics Research ◽

10.1017/s0016672300015524 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 119-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Meryl Polkinghorne ◽

M. J. Hynes

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Nitrogen Source ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Sole Nitrogen Source ◽

Wild Type ◽

Exogenous Substrate ◽

Growth Properties ◽

Type Strains

SUMMARYWild-type strains ofAspergillus nidulansgrow poorly onL-histidine as a sole nitrogen source. The synthesis of the enzyme histidase (EC. 4.3.1.3) appears to be a limiting factor in the growth of the wild type, as strains carrying the mutantareA102 allele have elevated histidase levels and grow strongly on histidine as a sole nitrogen source.L-Histidine is an extremely weak sole carbon source for all strains.Ammonium repression has an important role in the regulation of histidase synthesis and the relief of ammonium repression is dependent on the availability of a good carbon source. The level of histidase synthesis does not respond to the addition of exogenous substrate.Mutants carrying lesions in thesarA orsarB loci (suppressor ofareA102) have been isolated. The growth properties of these mutants on histidine as a sole nitrogen source correlate with the levels of histidase synthesized. Mutation at thesarA andsarB loci also reduces the utilization of a number of other nitrogen sources. The data suggest that these two genes may code for regulatory products involved in nitrogen catabolism. No histidase structural gene mutants were identified and possible explanations of this are discussed.

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Effect of Nutritional Factors and Copper on the Regulation of Laccase Enzymes Production in Pleurotus ostreatus

10.20944/preprints202111.0173.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dinary Durán-Sequeda ◽

Daniela Suspes ◽

Estibenson Maestre ◽

Manuel Alfaro ◽

Gumer Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽

Culture Media ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Medium Composition ◽

Copper Transporter ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Laccase Genes ◽

Response Variables

This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon-nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL-1 and YE 15 gL-1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. Main up-regulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal down-regulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper in the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10 to 20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.

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Nitrogen Fixation and the Utilization of Other Inorganic Nitrogen Sources in a Subarctic Lake

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f68-187 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 2101-2110 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Vera A. Billaud

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Nitrate Uptake ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Molecular Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Lake Surface ◽

Interior Alaska ◽

Uptake Rates ◽

Tracer Methods ◽

Subarctic Lake

A year-round limnological study of the biological utilization of molecular nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrate in Smith Lake, a small subarctic lake in interior Alaska, showed that ammonia was consistently the most important nitrogen source. Of the two main algal production periods, the first took place under the ice in May, and depended on ammonia accumulated during the winter for a nitrogen source. The population at this time consisted largely of microflagellates. Chlamydomonas, Euglena, Chlorella, and Mellamonas were among the identified algae present. Immediately after the ice melted from the lake surface, a second population developed. These algae, consisting almost exclusively of Anabaena flos-aquae, used ammonia, nitrate, and molecular nitrogen simultaneously. During the remainder of the summer, uptake rates remained relatively low, with ammonia the most important nitrogen source; during the fall, nitrate uptake briefly approached the magnitude of ammonia uptake. 15N tracer methods were used to measure the uptake rates in this work.

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The Correlation between Nitrogen Phosphorus Nutrients and the Growth of Microcystis Aeruginosa

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.3110 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1065-1069 ◽

pp. 3110-3113

Author(s):

Jun Sen Wu ◽

Chen Chen Liu ◽

Rui Bao Jia ◽

Bing Li

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Optimal Ratio ◽

Water Eutrophication ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

The correction of nitrogen phosphorus nutrients and the Microcystis aeruginosa biomass were studied by setting the different concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, different nitrogen sources and the ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results shown that the optimal nitrogen source on the growth of Microcytis aeruginosa NaNO3, Miccrocystis aeruginosa could adapt to a low N environment. Phosphorus is the limiting factor in the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa that can not survive at the absence of P in the environment. The optimal ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 50:1. Glycine as the Microcystis aeruginosa nutrient grew slowly at prior period and it grew rapidly later, which is similarity to the water eutrophication and the algae outbreak.

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Long-term Comparison of the Agronomic Efficiency and Residual Benefits of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Sources for Tropical Lowland Rice

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700003793 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 427-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

K. G. Cassman ◽

S. K. de Datta ◽

S. T. Amarante ◽

S. P. Liboon ◽

M. I. Samson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Green Manure ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Agronomic Efficiency ◽

Prilled Urea

SUMMARYNitrogen efficiency from Azolla microphylla or Sesbania rostrata green manure, rice straw, and inorganic fertilizer-N was compared in two long-term experiments with irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Treatments included a control and each nitrogen source alone or in combinations that provided 50% of the total applied nitrogen from an organic and inorganic nitrogen source. All nitrogen sources were applied at equivalent nitrogen rates to 19–22 consecutive rice crops. Residual effects were assessed in two subsequent cropping seasons at one site. Lower grain yield, agronomic efficiency (Δgrain per kg total applied nitrogen), and apparent nitrogen uptake were obtained from green manure and rice straw nitrogen as sole or dual nitrogen sources rather than from a standard split application of prilled urea. Compared to prilled urea, residual effects from green manure or rice straw included a significant increase in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, and greater extractable soil nitrogen in the vegetative growth period. After panicle initiation there was no residual effect on the rate of crop nitrogen accumulation, and final grain yields were similar regardless of previous nitrogen source. Recycling of rice straw appeared to have greater potential for reducing fertilizer-N requirements than use of green manure because rice straw is often a wasted resource in irrigated rice systems of the humid tropics, the efficiency of rice straw nitrogen in combination with prilled urea is comparable to green manure nitrogen, and the increase in soil nitrogen from rice straw was 50–150% greater than from green manure.

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Nutritional requirements for growth of Cryptoporus volvatus

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b89-326 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (8) ◽

pp. 2532-2534

Author(s):

Thomas M. Pettey

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Nitrogen Source ◽

Agar Medium ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Nutritional Requirements ◽

Good Growth ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Partial Deficiency

Carbon and nitrogen sources were examined in a defined agar medium to determine the nutritional requirements of Cryptoporus volvatus, a Hymenomycete. Good growth was obtained with D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, D-xylose, or dextrin as the carbon source. Good growth was obtained with ammonium sulfate, casein, peptone, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, serine, or tyrosine as the nitrogen source. In a defined agar medium, C. volvatus exhibited a deficiency for thiamine, and a partial deficiency for biotin, inositol, and pyridoxine.

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Effect of Nutritional Factors and Copper on the Regulation of Laccase Enzyme Production in Pleurotus ostreatus

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof8010007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Dinary Durán-Sequeda ◽

Daniela Suspes ◽

Estibenson Maestre ◽

Manuel Alfaro ◽

Gumer Perez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽

Culture Media ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Medium Composition ◽

Copper Transporter ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Laccase Genes ◽

Response Variables

This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon–nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL−1 and YE 15 gL−1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. The main upregulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal downregulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper into the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10–20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.

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Long-term Comparison of the Agronomic Efficiency and Residual Benefits of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Sources for Tropical Lowland Rice

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700001514 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 427-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

K. G. Cassman ◽

S. K. de Datta ◽

S. T. Amarante ◽

S. P. Liboon ◽

M. I. Samson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Green Manure ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Agronomic Efficiency ◽

Prilled Urea

SUMMARYNitrogen efficiency from Azolla microphylla or Sesbania rostrata green manure, rice straw, and inorganic fertilizer-N was compared in two long-term experiments with irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Treatments included a control and each nitrogen source alone or in combinations that provided 50% of the total applied nitrogen from an organic and inorganic nitrogen source. All nitrogen sources were applied at equivalent nitrogen rates to 19–22 consecutive rice crops. Residual effects were assessed in two subsequent cropping seasons at one site. Lower grain yield, agronomic efficiency (Δgrain per kg total applied nitrogen), and apparent nitrogen uptake were obtained from green manure and rice straw nitrogen as sole or dual nitrogen sources rather than from a standard split application of prilled urea. Compared to prilled urea, residual effects from green manure or rice straw included a significant increase in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, and greater extractable soil nitrogen in the vegetative growth period. After panicle initiation there was no residual effect on the rate of crop nitrogen accumulation, and final grain yields were similar regardless of previous nitrogen source. Recycling of rice straw appeared to have greater potential for reducing fertilizer-N requirements than use of green manure because rice straw is often a wasted resource in irrigated rice systems of the humid tropics, the efficiency of rice straw nitrogen in combination with prilled urea is comparable to green manure nitrogen, and the increase in soil nitrogen from rice straw was 50–150% greater than from green manure.

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