scholarly journals Effect of Nutritional Factors and Copper on the Regulation of Laccase Enzyme Production in Pleurotus ostreatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Dinary Durán-Sequeda ◽  
Daniela Suspes ◽  
Estibenson Maestre ◽  
Manuel Alfaro ◽  
Gumer Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Copper Transporter ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Laccase Genes ◽  
Response Variables

This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon–nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL−1 and YE 15 gL−1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. The main upregulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal downregulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper into the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10–20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.

scholarly journals Effect of Nutritional Factors and Copper on the Regulation of Laccase Enzymes Production in Pleurotus ostreatus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinary Durán-Sequeda ◽  
Daniela Suspes ◽  
Estibenson Maestre ◽  
Manuel Alfaro ◽  
Gumer Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Copper Transporter ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Laccase Genes ◽  
Response Variables

This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon-nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL-1 and YE 15 gL-1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. Main up-regulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal down-regulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper in the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10 to 20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.

Effect of nutritional factors on DDT-degradation by Mucor alternans

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1291-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. E. Anderson ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Insecticide Concentration ◽  
Mycelial Mass

The effects of nutritional factors on the capacity of Mucor alternans to degrade 14C-DDT in shake cultures were investigated. Fungal spores did not grow in media that contained DDT as the sole carbon source, but they remained viable over a 2-month period and developed into a mycelium, once glucose had been added. The degradation of DDT by the fungus was not related to the mycelial mass. The quantity of water-soluble metabolites produced from DDT was, to some extent, dependent on the insecticide concentration, but largely on the carbon and nitrogen sources in the culture media. Largest quantities of the metabolites were formed with glucose and ammonium nitrate. The concentration of glucose affected this metabolism quantitatively. With the exception of ribose, growth on other sugars resulted in a decrease in the production of DDT-metabolites, which was most noticeable when maltose was used. No qualitative differences in the metabolites were observed. When ammonium nitrate was replaced with other nitrogen sources, the production of water-soluble metabolites was substantially reduced (35 to 75%) and qualitative differences in the appearance of metabolites were also observed.

scholarly journals Prevalent pH Controls the Capacity of Galdieria Maxima to Use Ammonia and Nitrate as a Nitrogen Source

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Iovinella ◽  
DA. Carbone ◽  
D. Cioppa ◽  
S.J. Davis ◽  
M. Innangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Term Response

ABSTRACTGaldieria maxima is a polyextremophilic alga capable of diverse metabolic processes. Ammonia is widely used in culture media typical of laboratory growth. Recent reports that this species can grow on wastes promote the concept that G. maxima might have biotechnological utility. Accordingly, there is a need to know the range of pH levels that can support G. maxima growth in a given nitrogen source. Here, we examined the combined effect of pH and nitrate/ammonium source on the growth and long-term response of the photochemical process to a pH gradient in different G. maxima strains. All were able to use differing nitrogen sources, despite both the growth rate and photochemical activity were significantly affected by the combination with the pH. All strains acidified the NH4+-medium (pH<3); only G. maxima IPPAS P507 showed reduced capacity in lowering the pH from 6.5. pH was a limiting factor in nitrate uptake at pH≥6.5; noteworthy, at pH 5 on nitrate G. maxima ACUF551 showed a good growth performance, despite the alkalization of the medium.

scholarly journals Functional Analysis of 14 Genes That Constitute the Purine Catabolic Pathway in Bacillus subtilis and Evidence for a Novel Regulon Controlled by the PucR Transcription Activator

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (11) ◽  
pp. 3293-3302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Schultz ◽  
Per Nygaard ◽  
Hans H. Saxild
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Purine Degradation

ABSTRACT The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis has developed a highly controlled system for the utilization of a diverse array of low-molecular-weight compounds as a nitrogen source when the preferred nitrogen sources, e.g., glutamate plus ammonia, are exhausted. We have identified such a system for the utilization of purines as nitrogen source in B. subtilis. Based on growth studies of strains with knockout mutations in genes, complemented with enzyme analysis, we could ascribe functions to 14 genes encoding enzymes or proteins of the purine degradation pathway. A functional xanthine dehydrogenase requires expression of five genes (pucA, pucB, pucC, pucD, and pucE). Uricase activity is encoded by thepucL and pucM genes, and a uric acid transport system is encoded by pucJ and pucK. Allantoinase is encoded by the pucH gene, and allantoin permease is encoded by the pucI gene. Allantoate amidohydrolase is encoded by pucF. In a pucRmutant, the level of expression was low for all genes tested, indicating that PucR is a positive regulator of puc gene expression. All 14 genes except pucI are located in a gene cluster at 284 to 285° on the chromosome and are contained in six transcription units, which are expressed when cells are grown with glutamate as the nitrogen source (limiting conditions), but not when grown on glutamate plus ammonia (excess conditions). Our data suggest that the 14 genes and the gde gene, encoding guanine deaminase, constitute a regulon controlled by the pucR gene product. Allantoic acid, allantoin, and uric acid were all found to function as effector molecules for PucR-dependent regulation ofpuc gene expression. When cells were grown in the presence of glutamate plus allantoin, a 3- to 10-fold increase in expression was seen for most of the genes. However, expression of thepucABCDE unit was decreased 16-fold, while expression ofpucR was decreased 4-fold in the presence of allantoin. We have identified genes of the purine degradation pathway in B. subtilis and showed that their expression is subject to both general nitrogen catabolite control and pathway-specific control.

scholarly journals Prevalent pH Controls the Capacity of Galdieria maxima to Use Ammonia and Nitrate as a Nitrogen Source

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Manuela Iovinella ◽  
Dora Allegra Carbone ◽  
Diana Cioppa ◽  
Seth J. Davis ◽  
Michele Innangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Term Response

Galdieria maxima is a polyextremophilic alga capable of diverse metabolic processes. Ammonia is widely used in culture media typical of laboratory growth. Recent reports that this species can grow on wastes promote the concept that G. maxima might have biotechnological utility. Accordingly, there is a need to know the range of pH levels that can support G. maxima growth in a given nitrogen source. Here, we examined the combined effect of pH and nitrate/ammonium source on the growth and long-term response of the photochemical process to a pH gradient in different G. maxima strains. All were able to use differing nitrogen sources, despite both the growth rate and photochemical activity were significantly affected by the combination with the pH. All strains acidified the NH4+-medium (pH < 3) except G. maxima IPPAS P507. Under nitrate at pH ≥ 6.5, no strain was able to acidify the medium; noteworthy, G. maxima ACUF551 showed a good growth performance under nitrate at pH 5, despite the alkalization of the medium.

scholarly journals Process optimization for amylase production of Bacillus subtilis M4 mutant strain

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Naramchimeg B ◽  
Altantsetseg Kh ◽  
Urantulkhuur B
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Amylase Production ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Inoculum Volume

There are many factors that influence the character of bacterial metabolism and enzyme production.For themaximum production of the desired products, the media components and fermentation conditions should beoptimized. In our investigation, we improved the amylase production of Bacillus subtilis M4 mutant strain bythe combination of two optimization techniques. The cultural conditions (time period, temperature, pH,inoculum volume) and medium ingredients (various carbon, organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates) were optimized by one factor at a time methodology (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) to increase the amylase production. The optimum conditions for amylase production were found be the following: 35ºC, pH range 7 and incubation time 72h, inoculum volume 8% (v/v). Optimum medium composition for amylase production was the following: starch 12.9 g, peptone 9.75g, calcium carbonate 0.439 g, magnesium sulfate 0.464 g and potassium chloride 0.464 g per liter. Whenapplied to our optimized medium in the fermentation process, the enzyme activity increased from 0.741 to1.58 U/ml, which means a 2.1-fold increase compared to the original medium.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen sources on the production of antifungal metabolites by Streptomyces hygroscopicus

2017 ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Ivana Mitrovic ◽  
Jovana Grahovac ◽  
Jelena Dodic ◽  
Sinisa Dodic ◽  
Mila Grahovac
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites

Biotechnologically produced antifungal compounds for control of plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi represent a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides. Fungi from the genera Alternaria and Fusarium are listed among important storage pathogens of apple fruits. A. alternata causes significant annual losses of apple fruit. Also, F. avenaceum is one of the most commonly encountered Fusarium species identified as the causal agent of a wet apple core rot. Species of the Streptomyces genera are soil bacteria that produce significant quantities of bioactive compounds in appropriate media. Defining the culture medium composition is the basis of bioprocesses development. Nitrogen source is critical component of cultivation medium and also the most useful tool for stimulation of the antifungal metabolites production. The aim of this study was to select the best nitrogen sources in medium for the production of antifungal compounds effective against A. alternata and F. avenaceum by S. hygroscopicus. Activity of the cultivation liquids on A. alternata and F. avenaceum isolates was tested in vitro using well diffusion method. The results in?dicate that maximum inhibition zone was reached in medium with soybean meal as nitrogen source with inhibition diameter more than 35 mm for both tested fungi.

scholarly journals Prevalent pH Controls the Capacity of Galdieria maxima to Use Ammonia and Nitrate as a Nitrogen Source

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Iovinella ◽  
Dora Allegra Carbone ◽  
Diana Cioppa ◽  
Seth J Davis ◽  
Michele Innangi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Term Response

Galdieria maxima is a polyextremophilic alga capable of diverse metabolic processes. Ammonia is widely used in culture media typical of laboratory growth. Recent reports that this species can grow on wastes promote the concept that G. maxima might have biotechnological utility. Accordingly, there is a need to know the range of pH levels that can support G. maxima growth in a given nitrogen source. Here, we examined the combined effect of pH and nitrate/ammonium source on the growth and long-term response of the photochemical process to a pH gradient in different G. maxima strains. All were able to use differing nitrogen sources, despite both the growth rate and photochemical activity were significantly affected by the combination with the pH. All strains acidified the NH4+-medium (pH&lt;3); only G. maxima IPPAS P507 showed reduced capacity in lowering the pH from 6.5. pH was a limiting factor in nitrate uptake at pH&ge;6.5; noteworthy, at pH 5 on nitrate G. maxima ACUF551 showed a good growth performance, despite the alkalization of the medium.

scholarly journals Random mutagenesis and process optimization of bacterial co-culture for hyperproduction of 1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase using submerged fermentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
Roheena Abdullah ◽  
Samra Kiran ◽  
Mehwish Iqtedar ◽  
Afshan Kaleem ◽  
Faiza Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Random Mutagenesis ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis

The exponential increase in the application of 1,4-?-D-glucan glucanohydrolase (GGH) in various fields has placed stress and demand in both qualitative improvement and quantitative enhancement through strain improvement. In the present work, Bacillus subtilis LCBT-15 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LCBT-20 were subjected to physical as well as chemical mutagenesis for improving the GGH production potential. Applications of the UV light and ethidium bromide did not cause a significant increase in the enzyme production. However, Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) treated co-culture 10 gave 1.3-fold increase in the GGH production, in contrast to the wild co-culture. Different physicochemical parameters including fermentation media, rate of fermentation, temperature, pH, nitrogen and carbon sources and surfactants were also investigated. The M7 medium composition was optimized for GGH production after 48h of incubation at 37?C and pH 6. The optimum inoculum size was 3.5 ml (1x106 cells/ml) in 50 ml of medium. The best carbon and nitrogen sources were lactose (2.5 %); ammonium chloride (1.75 %) and beef extract (1 %), respectively. Optimal GGH production (287 U/ml) was obtained when the medium was supplemented with 0.05% Tween 80. The novelty of this work was exploration of the synergistic phenomena of mutant bacterial co-culture for the enhancement of GGH production.

Pertumbuhan Dan Perkembangan Anggrek Dendrobium anosmum Pada Media Kultur In Vitro Dengan Beberapa Konsentrasi Air Kelapa

Agrologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tuhuteru ◽  
Meity L Hehanussa ◽  
Simon H.T Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Dendrobium anosmum is one of natural orchids in Indonesia. Optimization of medium composition for orchid propagation through in vitro culture is necessary to enhance propagule multiplication capabilities and quality. This study was aimed to study the influence of concentration of coconut water in culture medium on in vitro growth and development of D. anosmum orchid species and to determine the optimal coconut water concentration in culture media.  The experiment were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and eight replications. The treatments consisted of the addition of coconut water with concentrations: 0 ml•l -1 (control), 50 ml•l-1, 100 ml•l-1 and 150 ml•l-1. The results showed that addition of coconut water in culture medium gave different effect on shoot growth and multiplication of D. anosmum orchids.  Coconut water concentration of 100 ml•l-1 was the best concentration for growth and multiplication of D. anosmum orchids, based on both shoots and roots growth, plantlet height and wet weight.

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