scholarly journals The necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina induces oxidative stress-associated genes and related biochemical responses in charcoal rot susceptible sorghum genotypes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Y. Bandara ◽  
Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya ◽  
Sanzhen Liu ◽  
Christopher R. Little
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Malondialdehyde Content ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

ABSTRACTMacrophomina phaseolina (MP) is a necrotrophic fungus that causes charcoal rot disease in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The host resistance and susceptibility mechanisms for this disease are poorly understood. Here, the transcriptional and biochemical aspects of the oxidative stress and antioxidant system of charcoal rot resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes in response to MP inoculation were investigated. RNA sequencing revealed 96 differentially expressed genes between resistant (SC599) and susceptible (Tx7000) genotypes that are related to the host oxidative stress and antioxidant system. Follow-up functional experiments demonstrated MP’s ability to significantly increase reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) content in the susceptible genotypes. This was confirmed by increased malondialdehyde content, an indicator of ROS/RNS-mediated lipid peroxidation. The presence of nitric oxide (NO) in stalk tissues of susceptible genotypes was confirmed using a NO-specific fluorescent probe (DAF-FM DA) and visualized by confocal microscopy. Inoculation significantly increased peroxidase activity in susceptible genotypes while catalase activity was significantly higher in MP-inoculated resistant genotypes. MP inoculation significantly reduced superoxide dismutase activity in all genotypes. These findings suggested MP’s ability to promote a host-derived oxidative stress response in susceptible sorghum genotypes, which contributes to induced cell death-associated disease susceptibility to this necrotrophic phytopathogen.

scholarly journals Host lipid alterations after Macrophomina phaseolina infection contribute to charcoal rot disease susceptibility in grain sorghum: Evidence from transcriptomic and lipidomic data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Y. Bandara ◽  
Dilooshi K. Weerasooriya ◽  
Sanzhen Liu ◽  
Christopher R. Little
Keyword(s):  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
List Type ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Cell Membrane Integrity ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Basic Configuration

SUMMARYLipids are involved in central metabolic processes and confer basic configuration to cellular and subcellular membranes. Lipids also play a role in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Lipid based links that delineate either host resistance or susceptibility against necrotrophic microorganisms are poorly investigated and described. Macrophomina phaseolina (MP) is an important necrotrophic fungus which causes diseases in over 500 plant species including charcoal rot in sorghum.We used RNA sequencing and automated direct infusion electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) to quantitatively profile the transcriptomes and lipidomes of a known charcoal rot resistant (SC599) and susceptible (Tx7000) sorghum genotype in response to MP inoculation.We found that MP is capable of significantly decreasing the phosphatidylserine, phytosterol, and ox-lipid contents in the susceptible genotype while significantly increasing its stigmasterol:sitosterol and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol: digalactosyldiacylglycerol ratios. None of the above was significantly affected in the resistant genotype, except for the significantly increased ox-lipid content.Our transcriptome and functional lipidome findings suggested the lethal impacts of MP inoculation on plastid- and cell- membrane integrity and the lipid based signaling capacity of the charcoal rot susceptible sorghum genotype, Tx7000. Findings also suggested the strong oxidative stress experienced by Tx7000 under MP inoculation and shed light on the potential lipid classes involved in induced charcoal rot disease susceptibility.

scholarly journals Toxin Production in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Plants with Charcoal Rot Disease and by Macrophomina phaseolina, the Fungus that Causes the Disease

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed K. Abbas ◽  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Cesare Accinelli ◽  
James R. Smith ◽  
W. Thomas Shier
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Rot Disease

Charcoal rot disease, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, results in major economic losses in soybean production in southern USA. M. phaseolina has been proposed to use the toxin (-)-botryodiplodin in its root infection mechanism to create a necrotic zone in root tissue through which fungal hyphae can readily enter the plant. The majority (51.4%) of M. phaseolina isolates from plants with charcoal rot disease produced a wide range of (-)-botryodiplodin concentrations in a culture medium (0.14–6.11 µg/mL), 37.8% produced traces below the limit of quantification (0.01 µg/mL), and 10.8% produced no detectable (-)-botryodiplodin. Some culture media with traces or no (-)-botryodiplodin were nevertheless strongly phytotoxic in soybean leaf disc cultures, consistent with the production of another unidentified toxin(s). Widely ranging (-)-botryodiplodin levels (traces to 3.14 µg/g) were also observed in the roots, but not in the aerial parts, of soybean plants naturally infected with charcoal rot disease. This is the first report of (-)-botryodiplodin in plant tissues naturally infected with charcoal rot disease. No phaseolinone was detected in M. phaseolina culture media or naturally infected soybean tissues. These results are consistent with (-)-botryodiplodin playing a role in the pathology of some, but not all, M. phaseolina isolates from soybeans with charcoal rot disease in southern USA.

scholarly journals Assessing the suitability of morphological and phenotypical traits to screen sesame accessions for resistance to Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. El-Bramawy M A E-H ◽  
E.-S. El-Hendawy S ◽  
I. Shaban W
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Seed Color ◽  
Seed Colour ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Infection Percentage

Since sesame accessions differ significantly in many morphological and phenotypical traits, some of these traits could be suitable for direct selection for resistance to Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot diseases. Forty-eight sesame accessions that originated from different countries were screened for their reaction to infection by <I>Fusarium oxysporum</I > f.sp. <I>sesami</I> (FOS) and <I>Macrophomina phaseolina</I> (MPH), the Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot pathogens, respectively, in 2005 and 2006. The level of infection and seed yield were measured. Number of branches and days to maturity as morphological traits and seed color as phenotypical trait, which represent some of the diversity among the accessions, were tested for possible correlation with infection percentage. We found that 57, 67 and 67% in 2005, and 77, 77 and 62% in 2006 of the accessions resistant to FOS, and 68, 77 and 64% in 2005, and 80, 76 and 60% in 2006 of the accessions resistant to MPH had a medium branch number, medium maturity and creamy seed colour. According to the analysis of regression, branch number and seed colour were significantly correlated with infection percentages by FOS and/or MPH. Therefore, these traits may be used for direct selection of sesame accessions that are resistant to Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot disease. However, no significant correlations were found between days to maturity and infection percentage by both fungi. Linear regression between infection percentage and three groups of branch number and seed colour indicated that the accessions with medium branch number and creamy or white seed colour were the only covariate which significantly correlated with the infection percentage by FOS and/or MPH.

Resistance in soybean varieties against charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Pawan K. Amrate ◽  
M. K. Shrivastava ◽  
M. S. Bhale
Keyword(s):  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Inoculation of Euphorbia lathyris with cotton strings infested with Macrophomina phaseolina, causal agent of charcoal rot disease

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-685
Author(s):  
Phyllis T. Himmel
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Euphorbia Lathyris

Root infections caused by Macrophomina phaseolina were initiated under optimal conditions for the host, Euphorbia lathyris. Two-week-old Euphorbia lathyris seedlings were inoculated by tying roots with cotton strings infested with Macrophomina phaseolina. Ninety-three per cent of the inoculated roots developed infections after 2 weeks incubation in silica sand at 25 °C. By using infested strings, differences in the incidence of lesion development were detected when infected roots were subjected to differing temperature regimes. After approximately 6 weeks, there was a significantly [Formula: see text] greater incidence of lesion development at 34 °C than at 25 °C, whereas there was no difference in the incidence of infection. Aerial symptoms indicative of charcoal rot were not observed during the course of these studies. Key words: infested strings, charcoal rot.

Corrigendum to “Histopathology of charcoal rot disease (Macrophomina phaseolina) in resistant and susceptible cultivars of soybean” [Rhizosphere 7 (2018) 27–34]

Rhizosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Parisa Hemmati ◽  
Doustmorad Zafari ◽  
Seyed Bagher Mahmoodi ◽  
Majid Hashemi ◽  
Majid Gholamhoseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

scholarly journals Crown Rot of Strawberry Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1253-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Original Field ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Eventual Collapse

In 2006 and 2007, severely diseased strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants were observed in five commercial fields in southern California (Orange County). Disease generally occurred in discrete patches. Within such patches, disease incidence ranged from 10 to 75%. Symptoms consisted of wilting of foliage, drying and death of older leaves, plant stunting, and eventual collapse and death of plants. When plant crowns were dissected, internal vascular and cortex tissues were dark brown to orange brown. Fruiting bodies or other fungal structures were not observed. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic crown tissue that had been surface sterilized and placed on acidified corn meal agar (LA-CMA). All isolates produced numerous, dark, irregularly shaped sclerotia that were 67 to 170 μm long and 44 to 133 μm wide. When isolates were grown on 1.5% water agar with dried and sterilized wheat straw, dark, ostiolate pycnidia and hyaline, single-celled, cylindrical conidia were produced. On the basis of these characters, all isolates were identified as Macrophomina phaseolina (1). The symptomatic plants tested negative for Colletotrichum spp., Phytophthora spp., Verticillium dahliae, and other pathogens. Inoculum for pathogenicity tests was produced by growing six isolates on CMA on which sterilized wood toothpicks were placed on the agar surface. After 1 week, toothpicks were removed and inserted 4 to 5 mm deep into the basal crown tissue of potted strawberry plants (cv. Camarosa) grown in soilless, peatmoss-based rooting medium. Ten plants were inoculated per isolate and one toothpick was inserted per plant. Ten control strawberry plants were treated by inserting one sterile toothpick into each crown. All plants were then grown in a shadehouse. After 2 weeks, all inoculated plants began to show wilting and decline of foliage. By 4 weeks, all inoculated plants had collapsed. Internal crown tissue was discolored and similar in appearance to the original field plants. M. phaseolina was isolated from all inoculated plants. Control plants did not exhibit any disease symptoms, and crown tissue was symptomless. The test was repeated and the results were similar. While M. phaseolina has been periodically associated with strawberry in California (3), to my knowledge, this is the first report of charcoal rot disease on commercial strawberry in California. Charcoal rot of strawberry has been reported in Egypt, France, India, Israel, and the United States (Florida and Illinois) (2,4). Similar to previous reports (2,4), many of the affected California fields were not preplant fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin fumigants, and it is possible that under these changing production practices this pathogen may increase in importance in California. References: (1) P. Holliday and E. Punithalingam. No. 275 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1970. (2) J. Mertely et al. Plant Dis.89:434, 2005. (3) S. Wilhelm. Plant Dis. Rep. 41:941, 1957. (4) A. Zveibil and S. Freeman. Plant Dis. 89:1014, 2005.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence Resource for the Endophytic Burkholderia sp. Strain MS389 Isolated from a Healthy Soybean Growing Adjacent to Charcoal Rot Disease Patch

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayuan Jia ◽  
Emerald Ford ◽  
Sonya M. Baird ◽  
Shien Lu
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Endophytic Bacterium ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Circular Chromosomes

Burkholderia sp. strain MS389, an endophytic bacterium, was isolated from a healthy soybean plant growing adjacent to a patch of plants affected by charcoal rot disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. Preliminary studies demonstrated that strain MS389 possesses antimicrobial activities against multiple plant pathogens. Burkholderia sp. strain MS389 was found to have three circular chromosomes of 3,563,380 bp, 3,002,449bp, and 1,180,421 bp in size, respectively. The 7,746,250-bp genome, with 66.73% G+C content, harbors 6,756 protein coding genes in the predicted 6,985 genes. In total, 18 rRNAs, 68 tRNAs, 4 ncRNAs were identified and 139 pseudogenes were annotated as well. The findings of this study will provide valuable data to explore the antimicrobial mechanisms of the endophytic bacterial strain.

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