Rural domestic waste disposal: an empirical analysis in five provinces of China

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Jikun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Human Excreta

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different types of domestic waste disposal in rural China and the major factors that affect rural household waste disposal behavior. Design/methodology/approach – Stratified and randomly sampled household data are used to describe the disposal of domestic waste in rural China, including domestic garbage and organic waste (human excreta, livestock waste, and kitchen waste); econometric models are estimated to quantify the major determinants of household domestic garbage and human excreta disposal. Findings – While about 30 percent of the domestic garbage in 2008 was discharged to appropriately designated places, more than 40 percent of the garbage was discharged casually. Organic waste at the time of data gathering was still largely used in agricultural production, although a falling trend has been evidenced in recent years. Based on econometric analysis, it becomes clear that income growth, rising population density, and transportation improvements have significantly improved domestic garbage disposal, but negatively affected the recycling of human excreta. The provision of an adequate garbage collection service has the most positive effects on garbage management. Originality/value – The analyses are based on primary survey data. The results will have significant policy implications on the management of rural domestic waste to maintain better rural environment.

scholarly journals Recovery of Household Waste by Generation of Biogas as Energy and Compost as Bio-Fertilizer—A Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Youssef Benyahya ◽  
Abderrahim Fail ◽  
Abdelhakim Alali ◽  
Mohamed Sadik
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Total Solid Content ◽  
Positive Effects

Nowadays, organic waste and especially household waste represents a significant global issue due to population growth. The anaerobic digestion (AD) process is an essential operation contributing powerfully to the valorization of organic waste including food waste in terms of renewable energy generation (biogas) and the rich-nutrient residue that can be utilized as bio-fertilizer. Thus, this process (AD) allows for good recovery of household waste by generating biogas and compost. However, the AD operation has been affected by several key factors. In this paper, we aim to involve different critical parameters influencing the AD process, including temperature, pH, organic loading rate (OLR), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), and total solid content (TS(%)). Further, the paper highlights the inhibition caused by the excessive accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammoniac, which exhibits the positive effects of co-digestion, pretreatment methods, and mixing techniques for maintaining process stability and enhancing biogas production. We analyze some current mathematical models explored in the literature, such as distinct generic, non-structural, combined, and kinetic first-order models. Finally, the study discusses challenges, provides some possible solutions, and a future perspective that promises to be a highly useful resource for researchers working in the field of household waste recovery for the generation of biogas.

Do government expenditure reduce income inequality: evidence from developing and developed countries

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Zahirah Mohd Sidek
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Purpose This paper aims to re-examine the impact of government expenditure on income inequality. Existing studies provide mixed results on whether government expenditure reduces or increases income inequality. In this paper, government expenditure is viewed as a tool for redistribution, hence, its impact on inequality is examined. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 122 countries with 91 and 31 countries categorized as developing and developed countries is used. The dynamic panel threshold regression is used to examine the impact of government expenditure on income inequality and to estimate the turning point of the negative or positive effects. Findings The major findings suggest that, in general, government expenditure does reduce income inequality. Results from developed countries support the inversed U-shaped Kuznet curve where higher government expenditure initially led to more inequality but would eventually bring about a positive effect after a certain threshold level. For developing countries, education and development expenditure were the driving forces towards lower income inequality. Practical implications Several policy implications can be derived from this paper. First, government expenditure is a useful tool to alleviate the problem of income inequality. More integration with the global economy via trading activities is also an important channel to help reduce income inequality. Finally, better institutional quality provides an effective ecosystem in promoting better redistribution of income via government expenditure. Originality/value This paper presents a maiden attempt to estimate a threshold value or when government expenditure starts to reduce or increase income inequality. The sample is segregated into developed and developing countries to further control the effect of government size and the level of development of a country.

Do village leaders’ engagement, social interaction and financial incentive affect residents’ solar PV adoption? – an empirical study in rural China?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Shi ◽  
Liping Ding ◽  
Chenchen He ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Zumeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Government

Purpose This study aims to analyze those factors affecting the rural resident’s willingness to adopt solar photovoltaic (PV) which is important for accelerating the popularization of clean energy in China. Design/methodology/approach This study contained a sample of 653 households in 8 provinces/regions by stratified, and random sampling in rural China. Descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis techniques have been used for analytical purposes. Findings The empirical results indicate that financial incentive and social interaction have positive effects on rural residents’ adoption willingness, while village leaders’ engagement can indirectly influence their adoption willingness through social interaction and residents’ cognition. Research limitations/implications This study mainly considers external and internal factors but ignores the effect of technical factors. In addition, the samples are just selected from the residents who have adopted solar PV. Practical implications This study is expected to be useful for the government, regulators, village leaders, village leaders and other institutions. Originality/value This study conducts a systematic analysis and clarifies the relationship between factors (external and internal) and rural residents’ adoption willingness. The village leaders’ engagement is first added to the conceptual model as an external factor, which is very essential in rural residents’ adoption in China.

Food expenditure responses to income/expenditure shocks in rural China

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Cui ◽  
Jikun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Chinese Study ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Income Households

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures and determines whether the impacts of large shocks differ among households, especially low-income households. Design/methodology/approach The study’s data are drawn from a household survey conducted in rural China. Multivariate analysis examines the impacts of large income and expenditure shocks on food expenditures. Findings The impacts of large positive income shocks on food expenditure are moderate. However, households reduce their per capita food expenditures within a range of about 25-30 percent after suffering large negative shocks. The greatest impact is found for shocks where expenditures more than double, followed by the impact of shocks where income declines by more than half. Moreover, food expenditures among low-income households are much more sensitive to large negative income and expenditure shocks. The paper concludes with policy implications. Originality/value This is the first Chinese study to empirically examine the impacts of different income and expenditure shocks on household food expenditures. The results have important implications for smoothing households’ food consumption after they suffer from shocks.

Conservation payments, off-farm employment and household welfare for farmers participating in the “Grain for Green” program in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Atsushi Tsunekawa ◽  
Ian MacLachlan ◽  
Guicai Li ◽  
Atsushi Koike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Grain For Green ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors (including conservation payments) that influence household decisions to participate in off-farm work and estimate the impact of participation on household welfare under the auspices of the Grain for Green (GfG) program. Design/methodology/approach The authors used survey data from 225 farm households on the Loess Plateau and addressed the possible sample selection and endogeneity problems by employing a jointly estimated endogenous switching regression (ESR) model. Findings The findings of this paper are as follows: off-farm participation is positively related to households’ educational attainment and negatively related to their land resource endowment and the presence of children; participation in off-farm work exerts positive effects on household income and per capita household income, but negative effects on farm productivity; and conservation payments show no significant impact on off-farm participation, no significant impact on any of the three household welfare indicators for off-farm non-participant households, but a significantly negative impact for off-farm participant households. Originality/value This paper makes two contributions. First, the authors address the selection bias and endogeneity problem of GfG participating households by employing the ESR method and explicitly estimating the treatment effects of off-farm participation on their household welfare. Neglecting these problems leads to biased estimates and misleading policy implications. Second, this analysis stresses the important role of government in reducing market or institutional failure and other barriers that impede farmers’ efficient allocation choices instead of compensating households for conserving sloping land, shedding new light on the most effective policy options to achieve the program’s goals.

Trends and determinants of rural residential solid waste collection services in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiqin Wang ◽  
Yaojiang Shi ◽  
Qiufeng Gao ◽  
Chengfang Liu ◽  
Linxiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Rural China ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Solid Waste Collection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Residential Solid Waste

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the trends in residential solid waste collection (RSWC) services in rural China over the past decade and analyze the determinants of these services using nationally representative data. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on panel data from three rounds of village-level surveys of 101 villages. The three surveys were conducted in 2005, 2008, and 2012 in five provinces. The authors used fixed-effected regression approach to analyze the determinants of these services. Findings The results show that in the aftermath of increased investment and policy attention at the national level, the proportion of villages providing RSWC services in rural China increased significantly from 1998 to 2011. However, half of all villages in rural China still did not provide RSWC services as of 2011. Based on econometrics analysis, the authors show that villages that are richer, more populous, and villages with more small hamlets are more likely to provide RSWC services. Originality/value The analyses are based on primary survey data and the first to quantify trends in waste management services in the beginning of the twentieth century. The authors believe that the results will have significant policy implications for China in its continuing quest for better waste management policy.

The effects of voluntary GDPR adoption and the readability of privacy statements on customers’ information disclosure intention and trust

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibo Zhang ◽  
Tawei Wang ◽  
Carol Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Privacy Regulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
General Data ◽  
Voluntary Adoption ◽  
Privacy Statements

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of companies’ voluntary adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as well as the readability of privacy statements on US customers’ intention to disclose information and their trust in a company. Design/methodology/approach Building on the construal level theory and psychological distance, the authors conduct a 2 × 2 + 2 between-participants experiment with 255 participants. Findings The findings show that a company’s voluntary adoption of the GDPR has positive effects on customers’ intention to disclose information to and their trust in that company. In addition, the effects of GDPR adoption are stronger when the adopting company’s privacy statements possess a higher level of readability. Originality/value The authors believe this study poses policy implications for the outcomes of GDPR adoption and the recent debate on both a stricter data breach and privacy regulation.

Analysis of the effects of (de)regulation on housing prices in Spain 1977–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia De Jorge-Huertas ◽  
Justo De Jorge-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Price Series

PurposeThis paper analyzes the regulatory effects on homeownership and rental prices in Spain in the years between 1977m1 and 2019m5, taking into account the economic crisis. It also studies the causal relationship of the prices of private housing (owned and rented).Design/methodology/approachInterrupted time series analysis has been used to analyze the legislative impact on the construction sector. Also, the Box–Cox transformation has been used to carry out the above analysis. Finally, Granger's test has made possible to determine the causal relationship between the price series.FindingsThe results obtained in this work show the partial positive effects of legislative instrumentalization, which in general result in decreasing trends of prices in both types of housing use. Likewise, the causal relationship between the prices of owned and rented housing shows that the latter do not provide any incentive with respect to the former.Social implicationsThe social implications in this work could be important since this paper analyzes the effects of (de)regulation on housing prices in Spain, and the policy implications could help to control the speculation in housing.Originality/valueThe results obtained in this work could be relevant, both from the point of view of future housing policies and of the agents involved and that of society in general. In addition, this work could contribute to fill the existing gap in this field in Spain, given the scarce literature that raises the objective, using quantitative methodologies.

Microfinance through non-governmental organizations and its effects on formal and informal credit

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Xiang ◽  
Xiangping Jia ◽  
Jikun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Informal Credit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Purpose – Internationally, microfinance run by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is often considered an important approach to meeting the credit demand of rural households, particularly among the poor. However, the perceived competitions with formal financial institutions and concerns about financial risks in the rural economy have impeded the development of microfinance by NGOs in China. Despite these concerns about NGO microfinance, little empirical evidence has been brought to prove them. The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between NGO microfinance and farmers’ demand for formal and informal credit in rural China. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a household longitudinal data set consisting of 749 households from 40 microfinance villages in rural China. This study draws evidence from China's largest NGO microfinance. Out of the five county branches where China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation has launched institutionalized microfinance since 2006, the authors selected two of them. A random sampling approach was applied in surveying villages and households. In an effort to create impact assessments, the authors surveyed the detailed information on household characteristics and credit access during the period 2006-2009. A panel data is thus structured for the analysis. Findings – The authors found that the demand for credit in rural China is immense and rising, as formal financial institutions have gradually moved away from less developed regions in rural areas. In its place, informal lending has become a primary source of credit for the poor. However, where NGO microfinance has become available, both formal and informal credit has slowed down. The development and expansion of NGO microfinance did stand up as a substitution for institutional lenders and informal financial networks. Research limitations/implications – The findings have profound policy implications. First, since the development of NGO microfinance fill the demand for credit in rural China and poses low financial risk, the intellectual bias against NGO microfinance is unwarranted. In particular, the regulations that hamper the development of NGO microfinance should be corrected. Second, informal networks do not appear to be costless. Where NGO microfinance can substitute for them, it can mitigate the financial stresses related to the informal credit market.

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