Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Some Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes Collected From Erzincan Province of Turkey

BackroundTurkey is a country with different geographical features and therefore it is extremely diverse in plant diversity. Tomato is one of the most important vegetables produced both in the world and in Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to determine the genetic diversity of 24 tomato genotypes collected from local farmers from “Center villages” and “Üzümlü” district in Erzincan province.Methods and ResultsMorphological (qualitative and quantitative) and molecular markers (ISSR) were used to determine genetic diversity among genotypes. Genotype 24 was found to be higher than other genotypes with important quantitative morphological features such as fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight and soluble solid content (SSC). Considering the overall morphological traits, a wide variation was detected between genotypes. According to the molecular findings obtained. The polymorphism rate ranged from 0–100% and the average polymorphism rate was calculated as 80%.ConclusionPresent findings revealed the diversity in tomato genotypes collected from Erzincan province and may constitute the bases for further breeding studies in tomato and will bring an integrity in tomato identification studies.

Recent Industrial Application and Perspectives of Rheo-Diecast Process in China

The Rheo-diecast process has been rapidly developed and increasingly used in China in the recent 5 years. The high solid fraction (solid content close to 50%) rheo-diecast components were commercially used in the transportation markets mainly because of lightweight. The mechanical properties of the high solid fraction rheo-diecast components are obviously superior than that of the conventional liquid diecast parts. The defects such as oxide, gas entrapment, shrinkage porosities are well prevented in the high solid fraction rheo-diecast parts. The high solid fraction rheo-diecast parts can be fully T6 heat treated. A comparison between high solid fraction rheo-diecast part and conventional liquid diecast part will be described in detail. The low solid fraction (solid content 5-20%) rheo-diecast components were widely used in the 5G communication markets. The future perspectives of Rheo-diecast process will be described at last. 1. Cost reduction. 2. Production consistency. 3. New Rheo-diecast alloys development. 4. Numerical simulation of Rheological filling.

Persistence of endogenous SARS-CoV-2 and pepper mild mottle virus RNA in wastewater settled solids

Limited information is available on the decay rate of endogenous SARS-CoV-2 and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) RNA in wastewater and primary settled solids, potentially limiting an understanding of how transit or holding times within wastewater infrastructure might impact RNA measurements and their relationship to community COVID-19 infections. In this study, primary settled solids samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in the San Francisco Bay Area. Samples were thoroughly mixed, aliquoted into subsamples, and stored at 4°C, 22°C, and 37°C for 10 days. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 (N1 and N2 targets) and PMMoV RNA was measured using an RT-ddPCR. Limited decay (< 1 log10 reduction) was observed in the detection of viral RNA targets at all temperature conditions, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 and PMMoV RNA can be highly persistent in solids. First-order decay rate constants ranged from 0.011 - 0.098 day-1 for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and 0.010 - 0.091 day-1 for PMMoV RNA, depending on temperature conditions. Slower decay was observed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in primary settled solids compared to previously reported decay in wastewater influent. Further research is needed to understand if solid content and wastewater characteristics might influence the persistence of viral RNA targets.

Mechanical Characteristics and Stress Evolution of Cemented Paste Backfill: Effect of Curing Time, Solid Content, and Binder Content

The clarification of the variation on the strength of the cemented paste backfill (CPB) under the coupling of multi-factor is the foundation of the CPB design of the mine. In this article, the physical and mechanical properties of the CPB under the coupling effect of curing time, solid content, and binder content were experimentally and theoretically investigated. The results show that 1) the increase in binder content can effectively increase the later strength of CPB. 2) A sensitivity parameter considering the span of multi-factor was constructed, indicating that the curing time has the greatest impact on the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and the variation in solid content has the least impact on it, which can be verified by the stress–strain curves. 3) Curing time and binder content can effectively change the stress evolution, which is reflected in reducing the strain corresponding to the peak stress, enhancing the characteristics of the peak stress and increasing stress drop. The results of this study aim to explain the essence of the influence of each factor on the mechanical behavior of CPB in the view of stress–strain evolution, which will help to better understand the mechanical characteristics of CPB and quantify the sensitivity of the mechanical properties to various factors.

Morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes

Summer apples are one of the most important plant community in Artvin province located Northeastern part of Turkey. In present study 22 local apple genotypes were characterized by phenological, morphological, biochemical and sensory properties. Harvest date was the main phenological data. Morphological measurements included fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit ground color, fruit over color, fruit over color coverage and fruit firmness, respectively. Sensory measurements were as juiciness and aroma and biochemical characteristics included organic acids, SSC (Soluble Solid Content), vitamin C, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Genotypes exhibited variable harvest dates ranging from 11 July to 13 August and cv. Summered harvested 30 July 2017. The majority of genotypes were harvested before cv. Summered. Fruit weight were also quite variable among genotypes which found to be between 89 g and 132 g, and most of the genotypes had bigger fruits than cv. Summered. Pink, red, yellow and green fruit skin color was evident and main fruit shape were determined as round, conic and oblate among genotypes. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 and ART08-22 had distinct bigger fruits and ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 and ART08-17 had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The results of the study showed significant differences for most of the phenological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics. Thus, the phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes were distinguishable and these results suggest that phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical differences of the summer apple genotypes can be attributed to differences in genetic background of genotypes which placed different groups by PCoA analysis.

Recovery of Household Waste by Generation of Biogas as Energy and Compost as Bio-Fertilizer—A Review

Nowadays, organic waste and especially household waste represents a significant global issue due to population growth. The anaerobic digestion (AD) process is an essential operation contributing powerfully to the valorization of organic waste including food waste in terms of renewable energy generation (biogas) and the rich-nutrient residue that can be utilized as bio-fertilizer. Thus, this process (AD) allows for good recovery of household waste by generating biogas and compost. However, the AD operation has been affected by several key factors. In this paper, we aim to involve different critical parameters influencing the AD process, including temperature, pH, organic loading rate (OLR), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), and total solid content (TS(%)). Further, the paper highlights the inhibition caused by the excessive accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammoniac, which exhibits the positive effects of co-digestion, pretreatment methods, and mixing techniques for maintaining process stability and enhancing biogas production. We analyze some current mathematical models explored in the literature, such as distinct generic, non-structural, combined, and kinetic first-order models. Finally, the study discusses challenges, provides some possible solutions, and a future perspective that promises to be a highly useful resource for researchers working in the field of household waste recovery for the generation of biogas.