The Return of the Loan: Commercial Mortgage Investing after the 2008 Financial Crisis

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Craig Furfine ◽  
Mike Fishbein
Keyword(s):  
Vice President ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Mortgage Backed Securities ◽  
Direct Lending ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Commercial Mortgages

Zoe Greenwood, vice president at Foundation Investment Advisors, was glancing through the offering memorandum for a new commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) deal on April 1, 2010, a time when the opportunities for commercial mortgage investors had been bleak to the point of comical. This new CMBS deal represented the first opportunity to buy CMBS backed by loans to multiple borrowers since credit markets had shut the securitization pipeline in June 2008.The offering gave Greenwood a new investment opportunity to suggest to her firm's latest client. She had planned to recommend an expansion in her client's traditional commercial mortgage business, but these new bonds looked intriguing. Could the new CMBS offer her client a superior risk-return tradeoff compared with making individual mortgage loans?After students have analyzed the case they will be able to: –Learn how to construct promised cash flows from both commercial mortgages and commercial mortgage-backed securities –Understand the benefits and costs of direct lending versus indirect lending (purchase of mortgage-backed bonds) –Underwrite commercial mortgage loans issued by others to identify potentially hidden risks –Evaluate at what price a mortgage-bond investment makes financial sense

Complexity and Loan Performance: Evidence from the Securitization of Commercial Mortgages

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig H. Furfine
Keyword(s):  
Median Number ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Security Design ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Median Size ◽  
Mortgage Backed Securities ◽  
Loan Quality ◽  
Commercial Mortgages ◽  
Risk Retention

Between 2001 and 2007, the complexity of commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) increased substantially. The median size of commercial mortgage loan pools tripled and the median number of AAA-rated tranches doubled. I examine whether deal complexity is related to loan performance by analyzing a sample of approximately 40,000 commercial mortgage loans from 334 CMBS deals. I find that loan performance is worse for loans in more complex securitizations. However, neither the price of a deal’s securities nor a deal’s risk retention reflected that complexity correlates with lower loan quality. These findings present a challenge for theories of optimal security design.

Through the Eyes of a Whistle-Blower: How Sherry Hunt Spoke Up About Citibank's Mortgage Fraud

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Adam Waytz ◽  
Vasilia Kilibarda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vice President ◽  
The United States ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Un Global Compact ◽  
Whistle Blowing ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Fannie Mae ◽  
Federal Housing

In 2011, Sherry Hunt was a vice president and chief underwriter at CitiMortgage headquarters in the United States. For years she had been witnessing fraud, as the company bought billions of dollars in mortgage loans from external lenders that did not meet Citi credit policy and sold them to government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). This resulted in Citi selling to GSEs such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac pools of loans that were considerably defective and thus likely to default. Citi had also approved hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of defective mortgage files for U.S. Federal Housing Administration insurance. After reporting the mortgage defects in regular reports, notifying and working closely with her direct supervisor (who was subsequently asked to leave Citi after alerting the chairman of the board to these issues) to stop the purchase of defective loans, leaving anonymous tips on the FBI's and the Department of Housing and Urban Development's websites, and receiving threats from two of her superiors who demanded that she change the results of her quality control unit's reports, the shy and conflict-avoidant Hunt had to decide who she should tell about the fraud, and how.The case gives students the opportunity to recommend how Hunt should proceed based on their analysis of the stakeholders involved. To aid instructors, the case includes Kellogg-produced videos of Hunt—the only on-camera interviews she has ever given—explaining what happened after she reported the fraud to Citi HR and, later, the U.S. Department of Justice. Within the case, students are also briefly exposed to legislation and bodies pertinent to whistle-blowing in the United States, including the Dodd-Frank Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the SEC Office of the Whistleblower.This case won the 2014 competition for Outstanding Case on Anti-Corruption, supported by the Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME), an initiative of the UN Global Compact. Analyze stakeholders' motivations to prepare counter-arguments to the resistance one might encounter when reporting unethical behavior Write a script for who to tell, how, and why Discuss how incentive structures, management, and culture play roles in promoting or hindering ethical behavior in organizations Identify behaviors that help a whistle-blower be effective Gain experience resolving ethical dilemmas in which two values may conflict, such as professional duty and personal ethics

Mortgage Securitization; Pricing and Risk Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu S. Tunaru
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
Financial Instrument ◽  
Mortgage Securitization ◽  
Period Derivative

This chapter captures an overview of how real-estate risk is transferred to investors through securitization channels. A large part is dedicated to a less known financial instrument called balance guaranteed swap, which is a type of multi-period derivative contingent on cash-flows generated by a pool of mortgage loans. Emphasis is placed on the problems arising from modelling cash-flows and also revealed is the difficult task of dynamically managing the risk of the balance guaranteed swaps.

Securitization Process

2019 ◽  
pp. 365-382
Author(s):  
Mark Ferguson ◽  
Joseph Mcbride ◽  
Kevin Tripp
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
Student Loans ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Commercial Real Estate ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Mortgage Backed Securities ◽  
Asset Backed Securities ◽  
Opening Up

The securitization process has become an essential tool that provides liquidity to firms and borrowers while opening up the breadth and depth of the capital markets to previously underserved individuals and firms. Securitized products pool illiquid, idiosyncratic assets or contracts, turn those pools into claims (bonds) with a new capital structure with differing risk-return attributes, and sell those bonds to institutional investors. Securitization began in the housing market where single-family mortgages were pooled and sold to investors as mortgage-backed securities. The securitized market has increased in size and complexity to include many other asset classes such as commercial real estate loans in commercial mortgage-backed securities, student loans, credit card debt, auto leases, equipment leases, and aircraft leases in asset-backed securities. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the participants in and the general structure of securitizations.

Infrastructure Equity and Firm Performance in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 097639962094831
Author(s):  
Tanzeem Hasnat
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Capital Asset Pricing ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Asset Pricing Model ◽  
Risk Return ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Infrastructure Provision ◽  
Level Analysis

The growing financing requirements coupled with tightening of fiscal purse strings point to the pertinence of market-based finance for infrastructure provision and enhancement. For this, the question of the sectoral performance of infrastructure takes centre stage and this becomes the basis for the present study. The study assesses the risk-return and volatility profile of Nifty Infra, the National Stock Exchange (NSE) sectoral index for the 30 biggest infrastructure firms in India vis-à-vis the broader Nifty 50 for the time period 2010–2018. The study employs the standard financial economic analysis methods of capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity in mean (M-GARCH) model and finds the sectoral equity performance of infrastructure to be marginally below that of a broadly diversified index. Further, the study analyses the cash flow and leverage characteristics which are imperative factors in medium-term risk-return profile of infrastructure stocks. The disaggregated firm level analysis of 10 select firms reveals that rent-like return does exist for the biggest players in the sector due to past installed capacities, while the subcontracting mechanism percolates to meagre cash flows for smaller players, partly bearing the greenfield risks. This suggests the need for state-induced measures to prop up liquidity in equity trade for infrastructure firms. This would not only enhance the risk-return profile but also mitigate excessive volatility for these heavily leveraged firms.

scholarly journals The Effect of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis on the Efficiency of Large U.S. Commercial Banks

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdian ◽  
Rasoul Rezvanian ◽  
Ovidiu Stoica
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Scale Efficiency ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis

AbstractThe 2008 financial crisis, originated by securitization of sub-prime mortgage loans, had a huge impact on U.S. financial institutions and markets. We hypothesize that due to this crisis, the commercial banking industry has changed their portfolio structures and risk-taking behavior. To shed light on the response of U.S. banks to the 2008 financial crisis, we use the non-parametric approach to measure and compare the overall efficiency of large U.S. banks pre- and post-2008 financial crisis. We then decompose the overall measure of efficiency into allocative, overall technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency measures to better understand the sources of banking inefficiencies. The results indicate that large U.S. banks indeed changed their portfolios structure, and the efficiency of large commercial banks in the United States declined substantially during the financial crisis. Although it has been recovering since then, it still has not reached to the pre-crisis efficiency level.

Polaris Industries Inc.

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sunil Chopra ◽  
Ioana Andreas ◽  
Sigmund Gee ◽  
Ivi Kolasi ◽  
Stephane Lhoste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vice President ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
List Type ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Manufacturing Facility ◽  
Facility Locations ◽  
The Impact

In September 2010 Suresh Krishna, vice president of operations and integration at Polaris Industries Inc., a manufacturer of all-terrain vehicles, Side-by-Sides, and snowmobiles, needed to recommend a location for a new plant to manufacture the company's Side-by-Side vehicles.The economic slowdown in the United States had put considerable pressure on Polaris's profits, so the company was considering whether it should follow the lead of other manufacturers and open a facility in a country with lower labor costs. China and Mexico were shortlisted as possible locations for the new factory, which would be the first Polaris manufacturing facility located outside the Midwestern United States. By the end of the year Krishna needed to recommend to the board whether Polaris should build a new plant abroad (near-shored in Mexico or off-shored in China) or continue to manufacture in its American facilities. Evaluate tradeoffs between different geographic locations when establishing a manufacturing facility (off-shoring, near-shoring, and on-shoring) Run a sensitivity analysis on total cost Assess the impact of transportation costs, exchange rates, labor cost rates, lead times, and other assumptions on total costs Identify qualitative factors to be considered when deciding between non-U.S. facility locations, transportation time variability, consumer perceptions, and cultural differences

Inflation, Cash Flows, and Growth: Some Implications for the Farm Firm

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindon J. Robison ◽  
John R. Brake
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
World War ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Structural Impacts ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
Benefits And Costs

As farm sector prices continue to increase at rates higher than any since World War II, attention is being given to the cause of the price increases and their structural impacts on the farming sector. Land, a major component of farm assets, has been the focus of many studies examining the effects of inflation. Melichar showed current increases in land prices to be consistent with productivity gains. Lee and Rask illustrated that even though current levels of land prices may be justified, firms may have negative cash flows, especially if loans are repaid on level repayment plans. Current inflationary conditions led Robison to conclude that though current land prices may be justified, the benefits and costs are unequally distributed and that, increasingly, persons who in earlier years made land purchases are more able to afford to purchase more, thereby accelerating the trend toward fewer and larger farms.

scholarly journals Financing Constraints and Access to Credit in a Postcrisis Environment: Evidence from New Farmers in Alabama

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Hartarska ◽  
Dennis Nadolnyak
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Financing Constraints ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
New Farmers

We use survey data to study the degree to which new farming operations in Alabama were financially constrained after the 2008 financial crisis. Next, we control for farmers' self-selection out of the credit market and identify which farmers were able to secure loans during the period of 2009–2010. The results show that new farmers that started any part of their operation after 2005 were financially constrained but no evidence that their financing constraints were affected by the crisis. As expected, we find that lending was collateral-driven, although lenders also considered farmers' profitability and cash flows.

Aurora Textile Company

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Eades ◽  
Lucas Doe
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
List Type ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Cost Information

This case asks the student to decide whether Aurora Textile Company can create value by upgrading its spinning machine to produce higher-quality yarn that sells for a higher margin. Cost information allows the student to produce cash-flow projections for both the existing spinning machine and the new machine. The cash flows have many different cost components, including depreciation, the number of days of cotton inventory, and the liability costs associated with returns from retailers. The cost of capital is specified in order to simplify the analysis. The analysis has added complexity, however, owing to the troubled financial condition of both the company and the U.S. textile industry, which is in decline as manufacturers migrate to Asia to benefit from lower manufacturing costs. This begs the question whether management should invest in a declining business or harvest the company by paying out all profits as a dividend to the owners. The case is suitable for students just beginning to learn finance principles, but is also rich enough to use with experienced students and executives. The primary learning points are as follows: The basics of incremental-cash-flow analysis: identifying the cash flows relevant to a capital-investment decision The construction of a side-by-side discounted-cash-flow analysis for a replacement decision How to adapt the NPV decision rule to a troubled or dying industry The effect of financial distress on the NPV calculation The importance of sensitivity analysis to a capital-investment decision

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