scholarly journals The 3D printing order: variability, supercenters and supply chain reconfigurations

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Sasson ◽  
John Chandler Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Manufacturing Line ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Direct Digital Manufacturing

Purpose – Direct digital manufacturing (DDM) is conceived of as either disrupting the entire manufacturing economy or merely enabling novel production. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an alternative where DDM coexists with and complements traditional mass production. When multiple parts run across one manufacturing line, DDM can isolate variability associated with low volume part production and may be preferred to mass production despite being expensive. If DDM complements rather than cannibalizes mass production, this alters the understanding of who adopts DDM, the products built with DDM, and DDM’s long-term supply chain implications. Design/methodology/approach – This invited paper explores a DDM rollout scenario and qualitatively assesses potential supply chain reconfigurations. Findings – The analysis recognizes that existing manufacturers with heterogeneous bills-of-material may develop DDM capabilities to isolate disruptive, low-volume production from scalable mass production. Developing DDM competence and raw material scale advantages, these manufacturers become the locus of change in a manufacturing landscape increasingly characterized by multi-product DDM supercenters. Originality/value – Extant research largely focusses on two potential reasons for DDM adoption: cost-per-unit and time-to-delivery comparisons. The authors explore a third driver: DDM’s capacity to isolate manufacturing variability attributable to low volume parts. Relative to the extant literature, this suggests a different DDM rollout, different adopters, and a different supply chain configuration. The authors identify mass manufacturing variability reduction as the mechanism through which DDM may be adopted. This adoption trajectory would eventually enable a supply chain transition in which spare parts inventory migrates from finished goods at proprietary facilities to raw materials at generalized DDM supercenters.

Challenges and opportunities to integrate the oldest and newest manufacturing processes: metal casting and additive manufacturing

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Lynch ◽  
C.R. Hasbrouck ◽  
Joseph Wilck ◽  
Michael Kay ◽  
Guha Manogharan
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Metal Casting ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Low Volume

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the current state, technological challenges, economic opportunities and future directions in the growing “indirect” hybrid manufacturing ecosystem, which integrates traditional metal casting with the production of tooling via additive manufacturing (AM) process including three-dimensional sand printing (3DSP) and printed wax patterns. Design/methodology/approach A survey was conducted among 100 participants from foundries and AM service providers across the USA to understand the current adoption of AM in metal casting as a function of engineering specifications, production demand, volume and cost metrics. In addition, current technological and logistical challenges that are encountered by the foundries are identified to gather insight into the future direction of this evolving supply chain. Findings One of the major findings from this study is that hard tooling costs (i.e. patterns/core boxes) are the greatest challenge in low volume production for foundries. Hence, AM and 3DSP offer the greatest cost-benefit for these low volume production runs as it does not require the need for hard tooling to produce much higher profit premium castings. It is evident that there are major opportunities for the casting supply chain to benefit from an advanced digital ecosystem that seamlessly integrates AM and 3DSP into foundry operations. The critical challenges for adoption of 3DSP in current foundry operations are categorized into as follows: capital cost of the equipment, which cannot be justified due to limited demand for 3DSP molds/cores by casting buyers, transportation of 3DSP molds and cores, access to 3DSP, limited knowledge of 3DSP, limitations in current design tools to integrate 3DSP design principles and long lead times to acquire 3DSP molds/cores. Practical implications Based on the findings of this study, indirect hybrid metal AM supply chains, i.e. 3DSP metal casting supply chains is proposed, as 3DSP replaces traditional mold-making in the sand casting process flow, no/limited additional costs and resources would be required for qualification and certification of the cast parts made from three-dimensional printed sand molds. Access to 3DSP resources can be addressed by establishing a robust 3DSP metal casting supply chain, which will also enable existing foundries to rapidly acquire new 3DSP-related knowledge. Originality/value This original survey from 100 small and medium enterprises including foundries and AM service providers suggests that establishing 3DSP hubs around original equipment manufacturers as a shared resource to produce molds and cores would be beneficial. This provides traditional foundries means to continue mass production of castings using existing hard tooling while integrating 3DSP for new complex low volume parts, replacement parts, legacy parts and prototyping.

Supply chain network optimization with consideration of raw material and final product substitutions driven by price and carbon emissions

Kybernetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1585-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxu Wang ◽  
Yanbing Li ◽  
Zhengcai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Network Optimization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maximization Problem ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Product Substitution ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This paper aims to develop a bi-objective mixed integer non-linear programing model to optimize the supply chain networks consisting of raw material providers, final product manufacturers and distribution centers. Raw material substitution caused by varying raw material supply amounts, prices and carbon emissions and final product substitution due to different product prices and carbon emissions are considered. Design/methodology/approach The proposed model aims to achieve total profit maximization and total carbon emission minimization. The objective function of carbon emissions is converted into a maximization problem by changing minimum to maximum. The composite objective function is the weighted sum of the bias value of each objective function. The model is then solved using software Lingo12. Findings Numerical analysis results show that an increase in the number of alternate raw materials for original raw material helps improve supply chain network performance, and variation in that number causes detectable but not significant changes in downstream final product substitution results. Originality/value The major differences between this work and existing research are as follows: first, although previous research considered carbon emissions in supply chain network optimization, it has not considered the substitution effects of products or raw materials. This paper considers the substitution of both raw material and productions. Second, the item substitution considered by previous research is derived from inventory shortage or price difference of original items. However, the substitution considered in the present paper is a response to differences in purchase price, production cost and carbon emissions for items.

Mapping supply chain strategy: an industry analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barin Nag ◽  
Chaodong Han ◽  
Dong-qing Yao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Supply Chain Strategy ◽  
Work In Process

Purpose – In manufacturing industries, the levels of inventories at all stages (i.e. raw material, work-in-process and finished goods inventories) indicate the firm's competitive positioning, strategies, internal processes and relationships with suppliers and downstream customers. The authors identify patterns of manufacturing industries based on levels of raw material and finished goods inventories to classify inbound and outbound supply chain strategies. Design/methodology/approach – The authors review literature on supply chain inventory strategy and perform cluster analysis to analyze patterns of manufacturing industries based on manufacturing industry data collected from US Census of Bureau. Following Porter's Five Forces Model, the authors perform in-depth case studies of four representative industries to analyze factors driving supply chain strategies, including industry intensity of rivalry, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of buyers. Findings – This study identifies three streams of research on supply chain strategy: Fisher's model and its variations, lean and agile paradigms, and push/pull systems. It finds that whether an industry shows low or high raw materials or finished goods inventories depending on its products, processes, and the dynamics of all forces described in the Five Forces Model. Research limitations/implications – This study is not able to include supplier selection, production strategies, warehousing and distribution, and even product design into the analysis of supply chain strategy due to data limitation. This study classifies industries based on average inventory levels of raw materials and finished goods, while inventory levels and supply chain strategies for specific firms may vary significantly within each industry. Originality/value – This study contributes to the supply chain management literature by providing a parsimonious framework of mapping inbound and outbound supply chain inventory strategies, and the results based on the analyses of all US manufacturing industries provide a baseline picture for supply chain management professionals with manufacturing firms.

Modeling and analysis of the on-demand spare parts supply using additive manufacturing

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Stefan Jedeck ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Lihui Bai
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Arrival Process ◽  
Powder Bed Fusion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
On Demand

PurposeDespite the widespread expectation that additive manufacturing (AM) will become a disruptive technology to transform the spare parts supply chain, very limited research has been devoted to the quantitative modeling and analysis on how AM could fulfill the on-demand spare parts supply. On the other hand, the choice of using AM as a spare parts supply strategy over traditional inventory is a rising decision faced by manufacturers and requires quantitative analysis for their AM-or-stock decisions. The purpose of this paper is to develop a quantitative performance model for a generic powder bed fusion AM system in a spare parts supply chain, thus providing insights into this less-explored area in the literature.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, analysis based on a discrete event simulation was carried out for the use of AM in replacement of traditional warehouse inventory for an on-demand spare parts supply system. Generic powder bed fusion AM system was used in the model, and the same modeling approach could be applied to other types of AM processes. Using this model, the impact of both spare parts demand characteristics (e.g. part size attributes, demand rates) and the AM operations characteristics (e.g. machine size and postpone strategy) on the performance of using AM to supply spare parts was studied.FindingsThe simulation results show that in many cases the AM operation is not as cost competitive compared to the traditional warehouse-based spare parts supply operation, and that the spare parts size characteristics could significantly affect the overall performance of the AM operations. For some scenarios of the arrival process of spare parts demand, the use of the batched AM production could potentially result in significant delay in parts delivery, which necessitates further investigations of production optimization strategies.Originality/valueThe findings demonstrate that the proposed simulation tool can not only provide insights on the performance characteristics of using AM in the spare parts supply chain, especially in comparison to the traditional warehousing system, but also can be used toward decision making for both the AM manufacturers and the spare parts service providers.

scholarly journals Additive manufacturing in the spare parts supply chain: hub configuration and technology maturity

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1178-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siavash H. Khajavi ◽  
Jan Holmström ◽  
Jouni Partanen
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Manufacturing ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Industrial Operations ◽  
Production Configuration ◽  
Part Production

PurposeInnovative startups have begun a trend using laser sintering (LS) technology patents expiration, namely, by introducing LS additive manufacturing (AM) machines that can overcome utilization barriers, such as the costliness of machines and productivity limitation. The recent rise of this trend has led the authors to investigate this new class of machines in novel settings, including hub configuration. There are various supply chain configurations to supply spare parts in industrial operations. This paper aims to explore the promise of a production configuration that combines the benefits of centralized production with the flexibility of local manufacturing without the huge costs related to it.Design/methodology/approachThis study quantitatively examines the feasibility of different AM-enabled spare parts supply chain configurations. Using cost data extracted from a case study, three scenarios per AM machine technology are modeled and compared.FindingsResults suggest that hub production configuration depending on the utilized AM machines can provide economic efficiency and effectiveness to reduce equipment downtime. While previous studies have suggested the need for AM machines with efficiency for single part production for a distributed supply chain, the findings in this research illustrate the positive relationship between multi-part production capability and the feasibility of a hub manufacturing configuration establishment.Originality/valueThis study explores the promise of a production configuration that combines the benefits of centralized production with the flexibility of local manufacturing without the huge costs related to it. Although the existing body of knowledge contains research on production decentralization, research on various levels of decentralization is lacking. Using a real-world case study, this study aims to compare the feasibility of different levels of decentralization for AM-enabled spare parts supply chains.

scholarly journals A market-oriented database design for critical material research

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Ruby T. Nguyen ◽  
◽  
Ange-Lionel Toba ◽  
Michael H. Severson ◽  
Ethan M. Woodbury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Material Research ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Critical Material ◽  
Market Focus ◽  
End Use

<abstract> <p>Material databases are important tools to provide and store information from material research. Rising concerns about supply-chain risks to raw materials presents a need to incorporate raw-material market and end-use application data, beyond basic chemical and physical properties, into a material database. One key challenge for researchers working on critical materials is information scarcity and inconsistency. This paper introduces, as a result of a two-year project, a critical-material commodity database (CMCD) incorporated with a low-code web-based platform that allows easy access for users and simple updates for the authors. The main goal of this project was to educate material scientists on the applications having the most impact on the supply chain and current industrial specifications/markets for each application. The objective was to provide material researchers with harmonized information so that they could gain a better understanding of the market, focus their technologies on an application with a high potential for commercialization, and better contribute to supply-chain risk reduction. While the goal was met with high receptivity, several limitations stemmed from query design, distribution platform, and quality of data source. To overcome some of these limitations and expand on CMCD's potential, we are building a public webpage with an improved interface, better data organization, and higher extensibility.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals Performance tradeoffs for spare parts supply chains with additive manufacturing capability servicing intermittent demand

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle C. McDermott ◽  
Ryan D. Winz ◽  
Thom J. Hodgson ◽  
Michael G. Kay ◽  
Russell E. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Spare Part ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Network Configuration ◽  
Intermittent Demand ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Demand Patterns

PurposeThe study aims to investigate the impact of additive manufacturing (AM) on the performance of a spare parts supply chain with a particular focus on underlying spare part demand patterns.Design/methodology/approachThis work evaluates various AM-enabled supply chain configurations through Monte Carlo simulation. Historical demand simulation and intermittent demand forecasting are used in conjunction with a mixed integer linear program to determine optimal network nodal inventory policies. By varying demand characteristics and AM capacity this work assesses how to best employ AM capability within the network.FindingsThis research assesses the preferred AM-enabled supply chain configuration for varying levels of intermittent demand patterns and AM production capacity. The research shows that variation in demand patterns alone directly affects the preferred network configuration. The relationship between the demand volume and relative AM production capacity affects the regions of superior network configuration performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis research makes several simplifying assumptions regarding AM technical capabilities. AM production time is assumed to be deterministic and does not consider build failure probability, build chamber capacity, part size, part complexity and post-processing requirements.Originality/valueThis research is the first study to link realistic spare part demand characterization to AM supply chain design using quantitative modeling.

scholarly journals Taming the Hydra: Funding the Lithium Ion Supply Chain in an Era of Unprecedented Volatility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Berry
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
Difficult Challenge

The lithium ion supply chain is set to grow in both size and importance over the coming decade due to government-led efforts to decarbonize economies and declining costs of lithium ion batteries used in electronics and transportation. With forecasts of demand for lithium chemicals alone forecast to grow by three times later this decade, at least $10B USD is needed to flow into the upstream supply chain to ensure an efficient and timely build-out. Significant additional capital is needed for other portions of the supply chain such as other raw materials, cathode or anode production, and battery cell manufacturing. Recent exogenous shocks such as the US-China trade war and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have made securing adequate capital for the supply chain a difficult challenge. Without the steady stream of funding for new mine and chemical conversion capacity, widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could be put at risk. This paper discusses the current structure of the lithium ion supply chain with a focus on raw material production and the need for and challenges associated with securing adequate capital in an industry that has, to date, not experienced such a robust growth profile.

scholarly journals Burden or blessing in disguise: interactions in supply chain complexity

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendryk Dittfeld ◽  
Kirstin Scholten ◽  
Dirk Pieter Van Donk
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Food Processing Industry ◽  
Dynamic Complexity ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types

Purpose While systems theory explicitly considers interactions as part of a system’s complexity, supply chain complexity (SCC) is mostly conceptualized and measured as a linear summation of several aspects. The purpose of this paper is to challenge the general understanding by explicitly investigating interactions between and across different types (detail and dynamic) and levels (plant, supply chain, environment) of SCC. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory multiple case study methodology is adopted drawing on in-depth semi-structured interviews with respondents from eight manufacturing plants in the food processing industry. Findings On the one hand, it is found that different types add and increase overall SCC. On the other hand, the study also shows the opposite: interactions between detail and dynamic complexity can reduce the overall SCC experienced. Additionally, the findings highlight the specific food processing characteristics such as the variability of quality and quantity of raw materials that underlie interactions between types and levels of SCC. Originality/value This study adds to theory by empirically showing that interactions across and between types and levels do not automatically increase, but might also reduce SCC. As such, the findings contribute new detail to the concept of SCC: aspects of complexity do not necessarily add up linearly. Additionally, this study is one of the first to demonstrate how specific contextual aspects from the food processing industry relate to SCC.

scholarly journals SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY TANNERY IN GARUT INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yusuf Tojiri ◽  
Imas Komariyah
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Customer Value ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Depth Interviews

This research was conducted in the Tannery Industry in Garut – Indonesia, about suplly chain management, research methods using qualitative method, with a single case study. In this case study researchers collecting data through observation, interviews and in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs, academics and expert tannery. Supply Chain Management, in this case, describe the process of delivery of the goods from the supplier, and then processed by the industry, the result posted by the distributor to the subscriber. The Supply Chain Management must provide a level of efficiency in the process of delivering customer value, so that customers can be more satisfied, or in other words from the center (supplier), Company, Chanels (distribution) and Customer (4C). Supply Chain Management will be effective in improving the competitiveness of the industry, either by the supplier of the raw material leather, leather chemicals, leather production machinery, spare parts, and also any other relevant parties if able to improve cooperation between the core industry, supporting industry, and related industry is strong, so each others corroborate (linkage), as well as the distribution of goods to the customer must be of high quality and on time.

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