Surface and wear mechanisms analysis of phosphorous-free and conventional engine lubricants on cylinder liner and piston rings surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dogus Özkan ◽  
Hakan Kaleli ◽  
Yves BERTHIER ◽  
Levent Yüksek
Keyword(s):  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Antiwear Additive ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Endurance Tests

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the wear mechanisms, formations and effectiveness of tribofilms of new developed, antiwear additive which is called mercapthocarboxylate. The mercapthocarboxylate is a sulphur-based and non-phosphorus additive. Design/methodology/approach – The effectiveness of the additive was examined through a set of laboratory endurance tests that applied with single cylinder spark ignition engine. Two types of lubricants were used to compare the engine tests which were thiophosphate (ZDDP) containing engine lubricant (phosphorus containing) and mercapthocarboxylate containing non-phosphorus and non-ash crankcase oil. Lubricants were tested under identical operating conditions for 100 hrs. The surfaces of cylinder liner and piston rings were inspected through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Findings – Catalysis-friendly and sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate additive can be an alternative antiwear additive package for lubrication oil due to better wear performance when compared to ZDDP. Originality/value – Sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate is a new developed antiwear additive and was applied to lubrication oil in this study. This lubrication oil was tested in the real engine environment by using 100-hr engine bench tests.

scholarly journals Wear of different material pairings for the cylinder liner – piston ring contact

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wopelka ◽  
Ulrike Cihak-Bayr ◽  
Claudia Lenauer ◽  
Ferenc Ditrói ◽  
Sándor Takács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cylinder Liners

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the wear behaviour of different materials for cylinder liners and piston rings in a linear reciprocating tribometer with special focus on the wear of the cylinder liner in the boundary lubrication regime. Design/methodology/approach Conventional nitrided steel, as well as diamond-like carbon and chromium nitride-coated piston rings, were tested against cast iron, AlSi and Fe-coated AlSi cylinder liners. The experiments were carried out with samples produced from original engine parts to have the original surface topography available. Radioactive tracer isotopes were used to measure cylinder liner wear continuously, enabling separation of running-in and steady-state wear. Findings A ranking of the material pairings with respect to wear behaviour of the cylinder liner was found. Post-test inspection of the cylinder samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed differences in the wear mechanisms for the different material combinations. The results show that the running-in and steady-state wear of the liners can be reduced by choosing the appropriate material for the piston ring. Originality/value The use of original engine parts in a closely controlled tribometer environment under realistic loading conditions, in conjunction with continuous and highly sensitive wear measurement methods and a detailed SEM analysis of the wear mechanisms, forms an intermediate step between engine testing and laboratory environment testing.

Field-Testing of Biodiesel (B100) and Diesel-Fueled Vehicles: Part 3—Wear Assessment of Liner and Piston Rings, Engine Deposits, and Operational Issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Deepak Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Piston Ring ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Carbon Deposits ◽  
Bottom Dead Center ◽  
Operational Issues

Abstract This study investigated the use of biodiesel (B100) and baseline mineral diesel in two identical unmodified vehicles to realistically assess different aspects of biodiesel’s compatibility and durability issues with modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine-powered vehicles. Two identical vehicles were operated for 30,000 km under identical operating conditions during a field-trial using biodiesel (B100) and mineral diesel. Exhaustive experimental results from this series of tests are divided into four sections, and this is the third paper of this series of four papers, which covers comparative feasibility and wear analyses, underlining the effect of long-term use of biodiesel on wear of cylinder liner and piston rings compared to baseline mineral diesel-fueled vehicle. Surface microstructures at three locations of the cylinder liner were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wear was found to be relatively lower at all locations of liners from biodiesel-fueled vehicle compared to diesel-fueled vehicle. Surface roughness of cylinder liners measured at different locations showed that it reduced by ∼30–40% at top dead center (TDC), ∼10–20% at mid-stroke, and ∼20–30% at bottom dead center (BDC) for both vehicles, showing higher wear close to TDC compared to mid-stroke and BDC locations. Loss of piston-ring weight was significantly lower for biodiesel-fueled vehicle. Engine tear-down observations and carbon deposits on various engine components were recorded after the conclusion of the field trials. During these field-trials, engine durability-related issues such as fuel-filter plugging, injector coking, piston-ring sticking, carbon deposits in the combustion chamber, and contamination of lubricating oils were found to be relatively lower in biodiesel-fueled vehicle. Overall, no noticeable durability issues were recorded because of the use of biodiesel in CRDI engine-powered vehicle.

Comparison of tribological performances of sulfur based and boron succuminide containing antiwear additive with ZDDP by engine bench tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doğuş Özkan ◽  
M. Barış Yağci ◽  
Özgür Birer ◽  
Hakan Kaleli
Keyword(s):  
Antiwear Additive ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bench Tests ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Lubrication Oils ◽  
Tribological Characterization

Purpose This study aims to evaluate and compare by 100 hours engine bench tests the tribological performances of two types of lubrication oils, which were sulfur-based, boron succinimide-containing antiwear package (NP-3) oil and conventional zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)-containing (R-1) oil. Design/methodology/approach The tribological performances of the oils were evaluated in three main contexts, including engine tests, physical/chemical changes and surface analysis. Findings Results showed that NP-3 lubrication oil, which was environment- and catalyst-friendly, can be an alternative lubrication oil with its tribological performance due to similar antiwear characteristics with the ZDDP. Originality/value Attempts to develop catalysis- and environment-friendly antiwear additive packages have not presented popular or commonly used ZDDP-free products for the vehicle industry. This study presents tribological characterization of a newly developed ZDDP-free lubricating oil by engine bench tests.

A study on the wear behavior of tin-based journal bearing under different working conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368
Author(s):  
Hulin Li ◽  
Zhongwei Yin ◽  
Yanzhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Journal Bearing ◽  
Journal Bearings ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wear Loss ◽  
Fatigue Wear ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the friction and wear properties of journal bearings under different working conditions. Design/methodology/approach Friction coefficient and wear losses of journal bearing under different working conditions have been determined by a bearing test rig. The worn surfaces of bearing were examined by scanning electron microscopy and laser three-dimensional micro-imaging profile measurements, and the tribological behavior and wear mechanisms were investigated. Findings The wear loss and friction coefficient of bearing under starting-stopping working condition is far greater than that of steady-state working conditions. In addition, the maximum wear loss under start-up and stop conditions is about 120 times of that under stable operating conditions. Under stable working conditions, the main wear forms of bearings are abrasive wear, under starting-stopping working conditions the main wear mechanisms of bearings are adhesion wear, abrasive wear and fatigue wear. Originality/value These research results have certain practical value for understanding the tribology behavior of journal bearings under different working conditions.

Effects of surface texturing on the tribological behavior of piston rings under lubricated conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yali Zhang ◽  
Xiaogang Zhang ◽  
Tonghai Wu ◽  
You-bai Xie
Keyword(s):  
Piston Ring ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Surface Texturing ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Friction Performance

Purpose – The piston ring-cylinder liner pair is one of the most important tribological systems of an internal combustion engine. The friction loss of the piston ring-cylinder liner pair accounts for the largest portion of total efficiency losses. Therefore, improving the tribological system design of the piston ring-cylinder liner pair can reduce friction losses and bring tremendous economic benefits to society. This paper aims use surface texturing, which is proving to be an effective method, for improving the tribological performance of sliding surfaces. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, an experimental study using a pin-on-disk tribometer was carried out to evaluate the effects of surface texturing on friction reduction of piston rings under various loads and sliding velocities. Rectangular- and circular-shaped textures with different depths and area densities were produced by a Femtosecond laser. Comparison experiments were conducted with un-textured rings. Findings – The results indicate that the friction performance of the ring surface was significantly improved by surface texturing, and the running-in stage was also shortened. More specifically, it was found that the rectangular-shaped texture had a better effect on friction reduction than the circular-shaped texture. Results also indicate that an optimum texture density existed for the rectangular-shaped texture. Additionally, it was observed that the average friction coefficient reduction of the textured ring decreased with increasing load and increased with increasing sliding velocity. Originality/value – Consequently, these findings provide a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between micro-textures and tribological properties of piston rings in lubricating sliding.

On the lubrication characteristics of piston ring under different engine operation conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Jun Sun ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Jianxiong Zhu ◽  
Yaming Gao ◽  
Hu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lubrication Characteristics ◽  
Stroke Engine

Purpose Currently, lubrication analysis of piston ring is generally done under engine rated operating condition. However, the engine (such as the vehicle engine) does not always operate in rated operating condition, and its operating condition changes frequently in actual use. In addition, the lubrication status of piston ring is generally assumed as the flooded lubrication or a certain form of poor lubrication in most of the lubrication analysis. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, based on the equations about the flow rate of lubricating oil and the variation of control volume, the flow model of lubricating oil in the piston ring-cylinder liner conjunction is established. The lubrication analysis of piston ring for a four-stroke engine under different engine operating conditions is done, in which the lubricating oil at the inlet of piston ring is considered as the lubricating oil attached on the relevant location of cylinder wall after the piston ring moves over at the previous stroke. Findings There is remarkable difference for the lubrication characteristics of the piston ring under different engine operating conditions. The worst lubrication status of piston ring may not take place under engine rated operating condition. Originality/value In this paper, based on the measured engine cylinder pressure, the lubrication analysis of piston ring for a four-stroke engine under different engine operating conditions is done in which the lubricating oil supply condition at the inlet of piston ring is considered. The results of this paper are helpful for the design and research of engine piston ring-cylinder liner conjunction.

Experimental study on leakage and wear characteristics of C/C composite finger seal

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1133-1138
Author(s):  
Fei Lu ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Hongyan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pressure Differential ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Wear Characteristic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wear Characteristics ◽  
Endurance Tests ◽  
Uneven Wear ◽  
Dynamic Endurance

Purpose The carbon/carbon (C/C) composite finger seal experiment was performed on a high-speed seal tester. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the leakage and wear characteristics of C/C composite finger seal under various operating conditions. Design/methodology/approach Static, dynamic, endurance and post endurance tests were carried out. For static and performance tests, the pressure differential changed from 0.1 to 0.6 MPa and the rotor speed varied from 1,000 to 9,000 r/min. Two endurance tests were conducted for 4 h, with each mounting two finger seals. The seal leakage was monitored by mass flowmeters, and the wear depth was measured and calculated by using three-dimensional profilometer. Findings Results showed that the seal leakage increases with pressure differential but decreases with rotor speed. Leakage rate is lower when speed is decelerated than that with the speed stepped up. During a time history, material removal caused by wear has significant influence on leakage data causing higher leakage than the results before endurance test. Particular interest is that the uneven wear characteristic on finger foot bottom was firstly revealed, showing severe wear in foot heel area than that in foot toe. Originality/value This study could provide experimental guidance for finger seal designers. Additionally, the uneven wear characteristic of finger foot was firstly revealed, which showed the necessity of further theoretical research on finger seal wear.

Modeling and simulation of frictional energy loss in mixed lubrication of a textured piston compression ring during warm-up of spark ignition engine

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Usman ◽  
Cheol Woo Park
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Hydrodynamic Interaction ◽  
Surface Texturing ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Frictional Behavior ◽  
Compression Ring ◽  
Recent Developments

Road vehicles account for a substantial portion of energy consumed by transportation. A large amount of this energy is lost to overcome friction within vehicle engines, in which the piston compression rings are a major source of such parasitic losses. The internal losses of engines increase several times in the case of unfavorable warm-up conditions. Recent developments in surface modification showed promising results in improving the frictional behavior of piston rings. Analyses are often idealized, such as isothermal conditions and unrealistic engine operating conditions. This study presents a numerical investigation of the frictional behavior of mixed-hydrodynamic interaction in a textured piston compression ring–cylinder liner during the warm-up process. The transient Reynolds equation is solved with a mass-conserving cavitation algorithm, realistic oil rheology, and practical engine operating conditions. Several multigrade and monograde oils are considered to draw comprehensive conclusions. The results show that ring surface texturing substantially reduces energy loss during the entire warm-up phase.

Tribological performance of three surface-modified piston rings matched with chromium-plated cylinder liner

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Jiujun Xu ◽  
Xiaoguang Han ◽  
Yan Shen ◽  
Mei Jin
Keyword(s):  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Tribological Performance ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Friction And Wear Properties ◽  
Surface Modified

Purpose The paper aims to investigate the friction and wear properties of three surface-modified piston rings matched with a chromium-plated cylinder liner. Design/methodology/approach Samples were taken from the chromium-plated cylinder liner, Cr-Al2O3 ring, CrN ring and Mo ring. Tribo-tests were conducted on a reciprocating sliding tribometer under fully formulated engine oils. Friction coefficients and wear depths of three friction pairs were tested. Surface morphologies of cylinder liners and piston rings before and after test were analyzed. Findings Experimental results show that in the Cr-Al2O3 piston ring, scuffing occurred easily when matched with the chromium-plated cylinder liner; compared with the Mo ring, the CrN ring could decrease the wear depth of the piston ring from 2.7 to 0.2 μm, and the wear depth of cylinder liner remained; however, the friction coefficient increased from 0.113 to 0.123. The tribological performances of three surface-modified piston rings were significantly different when they matched with chromium-plated cylinder liner. Originality/value Chromium-plated cylinder liner and the three kinds of surface-modified piston rings have excellent friction and wear properties, respectively. However, according to the systematic characteristics of internal combustion (IC) engine tribology, only the appropriate cylinder liner–piston ring can improve the tribological performance of the IC engine. This paper reports the tribological performance of three surface-modified piston rings matched with a chromium-plated cylinder liner. The results can be used as reference for the design of high-power-density diesel engine.

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