Field-Testing of Biodiesel (B100) and Diesel-Fueled Vehicles: Part 3—Wear Assessment of Liner and Piston Rings, Engine Deposits, and Operational Issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Deepak Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Piston Ring ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Carbon Deposits ◽  
Bottom Dead Center ◽  
Operational Issues

Abstract This study investigated the use of biodiesel (B100) and baseline mineral diesel in two identical unmodified vehicles to realistically assess different aspects of biodiesel’s compatibility and durability issues with modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine-powered vehicles. Two identical vehicles were operated for 30,000 km under identical operating conditions during a field-trial using biodiesel (B100) and mineral diesel. Exhaustive experimental results from this series of tests are divided into four sections, and this is the third paper of this series of four papers, which covers comparative feasibility and wear analyses, underlining the effect of long-term use of biodiesel on wear of cylinder liner and piston rings compared to baseline mineral diesel-fueled vehicle. Surface microstructures at three locations of the cylinder liner were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wear was found to be relatively lower at all locations of liners from biodiesel-fueled vehicle compared to diesel-fueled vehicle. Surface roughness of cylinder liners measured at different locations showed that it reduced by ∼30–40% at top dead center (TDC), ∼10–20% at mid-stroke, and ∼20–30% at bottom dead center (BDC) for both vehicles, showing higher wear close to TDC compared to mid-stroke and BDC locations. Loss of piston-ring weight was significantly lower for biodiesel-fueled vehicle. Engine tear-down observations and carbon deposits on various engine components were recorded after the conclusion of the field trials. During these field-trials, engine durability-related issues such as fuel-filter plugging, injector coking, piston-ring sticking, carbon deposits in the combustion chamber, and contamination of lubricating oils were found to be relatively lower in biodiesel-fueled vehicle. Overall, no noticeable durability issues were recorded because of the use of biodiesel in CRDI engine-powered vehicle.

A Spectrographic Sampling Method for Quick Assessment of Cylinder and Piston Ring Wear

1968 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
H. U. Wisniowski ◽  
D. R. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Hole ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Wear Rates

A simple, inexpensive, and rapid method of assessing cylinder and piston ring wear was developed. A small sample of the oil which lubricates the cylinder wall and piston rings was drawn off through a small hole in the cylinder wall. The sample was then analyzed spectrographically. Changes in wear resulting from changes in cylinder liner materials, fuels, lubricating oils, and other operating conditions were investigated. The method was found useful especially in cases of drastic differences in the wear rates. Selected examples of these studies are reported.

Mutual influence of plateau roughness and groove texture of honed surface on frictional performance of piston ring–liner system

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (7) ◽  
pp. 838-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Hu ◽  
Xianghui Meng ◽  
Youbai Xie ◽  
Jiazheng Fan
Keyword(s):  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Groove Depth ◽  
Mixed Lubrication ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Liner System ◽  
Frictional Performance

The cylinder liner surface finish, which is commonly produced using the honing technique, is an essential factor of engine performance. The characteristics of the texture features, including the cross-hatch angle, the plateau roughness and the groove depth, significantly affect the performance of the ring pack–cylinder liner system. However, due to the influence of the honed texture features, the surface roughness of the liner is not subject to Gaussian distribution. To simulate the mixed lubrication performance of the ring–liner system with non-Gaussian roughness, the combination of a two-scale homogenization technique and a deterministic asperities contact method is adopted. In this study, a one-dimensional homogenized mixed lubrication model is established to study the influence of groove parameters on the load-carrying capacity and the frictional performance of the piston ring–liner system. The ring profile, plateau roughness, and operating conditions are taken into consideration. The main findings are that for nonflat ring, shallow and wide groove textures are beneficial for friction reduction, and there exists an optimum groove density that makes the friction minimum; for flat ring, wide and sparse grooves help improving the tribological performance, and there exists an optimum groove depth that makes the friction minimum.

scholarly journals Wear of different material pairings for the cylinder liner – piston ring contact

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wopelka ◽  
Ulrike Cihak-Bayr ◽  
Claudia Lenauer ◽  
Ferenc Ditrói ◽  
Sándor Takács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cylinder Liners

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the wear behaviour of different materials for cylinder liners and piston rings in a linear reciprocating tribometer with special focus on the wear of the cylinder liner in the boundary lubrication regime. Design/methodology/approach Conventional nitrided steel, as well as diamond-like carbon and chromium nitride-coated piston rings, were tested against cast iron, AlSi and Fe-coated AlSi cylinder liners. The experiments were carried out with samples produced from original engine parts to have the original surface topography available. Radioactive tracer isotopes were used to measure cylinder liner wear continuously, enabling separation of running-in and steady-state wear. Findings A ranking of the material pairings with respect to wear behaviour of the cylinder liner was found. Post-test inspection of the cylinder samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed differences in the wear mechanisms for the different material combinations. The results show that the running-in and steady-state wear of the liners can be reduced by choosing the appropriate material for the piston ring. Originality/value The use of original engine parts in a closely controlled tribometer environment under realistic loading conditions, in conjunction with continuous and highly sensitive wear measurement methods and a detailed SEM analysis of the wear mechanisms, forms an intermediate step between engine testing and laboratory environment testing.

Field-Testing of Biodiesel (B100) and Diesel-Fueled Vehicles: Part 2—Lubricating Oil Condition Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Deepak Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Oil Viscosity

Abstract This study investigated the use of biodiesel (B100) and baseline diesel in two identical unmodified vehicles to realistically assess different aspects of biodiesel’s compatibility with modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines and its effects on lubricating oil degradation and wear. Two identical vehicles were operated for 30,000 km each under identical operating conditions on highway during a field-trial while using biodiesel (B100) and baseline mineral diesel. Exhaustive experimental results from this series of tests were divided into four segments, and this paper covers the second segment showing the effect of long-term usage of biodiesel on the lubricating oil properties and traces of wear metal addition compared to baseline mineral diesel. Lubricating oil samples were drawn periodically from these vehicles for condition monitoring such as lubricating oil viscosity, density, soot content, total base number (TBN), ash content, trace metal concentrations, and thermal stability. The viscosity of lubricating oil samples drawn from biodiesel fueled vehicles were found to be ∼10–15% lower compared to that from diesel-fueled vehicles, whereas density and ash content were relatively lower by ∼5–10%. Carbon residues of lubricating oil samples drawn from B100 fueled vehicles were lower by ∼15–20% compared to that of diesel-fueled vehicles. There was a very strong reduction (∼70%) in the soot content of lubricating oil from biodiesel fueled vehicles. Trace metal analysis to compare wear debris addition was also done for all lubricating oil samples. Thermo-gravimetric analyses of lubricating oil samples from biodiesel fueled vehicles showed lower mass loss with increasing temperature hence relatively higher thermal stability and lower deterioration. Results also suggested that operational and durability issues associated with vegetable oils as alternate fuel were completely eliminated by using them after converting them into biodiesel meeting prevailing biodiesel specifications.

Simulation of Altitude Influence on Piston Ring Movement and Blow-By Effects in Piston Engines (Keynote)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Abanteriba
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Piston Engine ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Effective Seal ◽  
The Impact

The compression and oil rings of the piston engine play a very important role in the performance and reliability of the piston engine. The rings are required to accomplish three main distinct tasks: 1. Sealing the combustion chamber gas from the crankcase to eliminate blow-by phenomenon, which constitutes the flow of some of the contents of the combustion chamber into the crankcase. 2. Proper distribution of the lubricating oil film over the piston skirt and cylinder liner. 3. Transfer of heat from piston to cylinder liner. Unfortunately the piston ring pack contributes to the highest proportion of the frictional losses in the engine and is more prone to high wear rates. In the engine, the compression rings are designed to provide effective sealing of the crankcase against the gases from the combustion chamber. The oil-rings provide an effective means of distributing the lubricating oil over the cylinder liner while keeping it from flowing into the combustion chamber. The ability of the compression rings to serve as a gas seal depends on their axial position within the groove. The ring needs to be in contact with the lower flank in order to provide the requisite sealing effect. Once the ring lifts itself from the lower flank its ability to act as an effective seal is compromised. The axial motion of the piston rings during the operation of the engine engenders blow-by and therefore has deteriorating effect on the engine performance. Not much work has, hereto, been done to study the impact of altitude on the movement of the piston rings and hence the blow-by phenomenon. This papers presents a simulation model to investigate this effect.

Surface and wear mechanisms analysis of phosphorous-free and conventional engine lubricants on cylinder liner and piston rings surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dogus Özkan ◽  
Hakan Kaleli ◽  
Yves BERTHIER ◽  
Levent Yüksek
Keyword(s):  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Antiwear Additive ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Endurance Tests

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the wear mechanisms, formations and effectiveness of tribofilms of new developed, antiwear additive which is called mercapthocarboxylate. The mercapthocarboxylate is a sulphur-based and non-phosphorus additive. Design/methodology/approach – The effectiveness of the additive was examined through a set of laboratory endurance tests that applied with single cylinder spark ignition engine. Two types of lubricants were used to compare the engine tests which were thiophosphate (ZDDP) containing engine lubricant (phosphorus containing) and mercapthocarboxylate containing non-phosphorus and non-ash crankcase oil. Lubricants were tested under identical operating conditions for 100 hrs. The surfaces of cylinder liner and piston rings were inspected through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Findings – Catalysis-friendly and sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate additive can be an alternative antiwear additive package for lubrication oil due to better wear performance when compared to ZDDP. Originality/value – Sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate is a new developed antiwear additive and was applied to lubrication oil in this study. This lubrication oil was tested in the real engine environment by using 100-hr engine bench tests.

First Paper: Measurement of the Oil-Film Thickness between the Piston Rings and Liner of a Small Diesel Engine

1974 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Hamilton ◽  
S. L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Oil Film

A capacity gauge has been designed for operating in the conditions of a working engine. The method of using it for determining the oil-film thickness and piston-ring profile is described. Oil-film thicknesses in the range 0·4-2·5 μm between the piston rings and the cylinder liner have been observed. Their variation with speed, load and temperature has been measured and it is concluded that their behaviour is essentially hydrodynamic.

scholarly journals Mathematical Model of Piston Ring Sealing in Combustion Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Koszałka ◽  
Mirosław Guzik
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Numerical Solution ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract This paper presents a mathematical model of piston-rings-cylinder sealing (TPC) of a combustion engine. The developed model is an itegrated model of gas flow through gaps in TPC unit, displacements and twisting motions of piston rings in ring grooves as well as generation of oil film between ring face surfaces and cylinder liner. Thermal deformations and wear of TPC unit elements as well as heat exchange between flowing gas and surrounding walls, were taken into account in the model. The paper contains descriptions of: assumptions used for developing the model, the model itself, its numerical solution as well as its computer application for carrying out simulation tests.

scholarly journals Numerical analysis of piston ring pack operation

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-141
Author(s):  
Andrzej WOLFF
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Labyrinth Seal ◽  
Piston Rings ◽  
Oil Film ◽  
Piston Ring Pack ◽  
Ring Pack

In the paper a model of a piston ring pack motion on an oil film has been analysed. The local oil film thickness can be compared to height of the combined roughness of mating surfaces of piston rings and cylinder liner. Equations describing the mixed lubrication problem based on the empirical mathematical model formulated in works of Patir, Cheng [6, 7] and Greenwood, Tripp [3] have been combined [12] and used in this paper. A model of a gas flow through the labyrinth seal of piston rings has been developed [13, 15]. In addition models of ring twist effects and axial ring motion in piston grooves have been applied [14, 15]. In contrast to the previous papers of the author, an experimental verification of the main parts of developed mathematical model and software has been presented. A relatively good compatibility between the experimental measurements and calculated results has been achieved. In addition this study presents the simulation results for an automobile internal combustion engine

Tribological evaluation of piston ring/cylinder liner assembly in automotive engines using GNP as a lubricant additive

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110553
Author(s):  
Gurtej Singh ◽  
Mohammad Farooq Wani ◽  
Mohammad Marouf Wani
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Cylinder Liner ◽  
Lubricant Additive ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Automotive Engines ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

Friction and wear are the main causes of energy dissipation in automotive engines. To minimize the frictional power losses, it is extremely important to improve the tribological characteristics of ring/liner assembly which accounts for almost 40–50% frictional power losses. The present study attempts to mitigate friction and wear of the ring/liner tribo-pair using GNP/SAE 15W40 nano-lubricant. To simulate the ring/liner interface, the tribological performance of nano-lubricants was assessed using a tribometer based on ASTMG181 standard under various operating conditions. The coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate lowered using graphene nano-lubricants (GNL). The tribological results showed that friction coefficient, wear rate, and surface roughness of piston ring improved in the range 17.71%–42.33%, 25%–40.62%, and 61%, respectively, under GNL lubricating conditions during the boundary lubrication. Further, the characterization of wear tracks of piston ring and cylinder liner confirmed tribo-film formation on worn surfaces resulting in decreased COF and wear rate.

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