Young vs old – landscape vs portrait: a comparative study of touch gesture performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Linda Wulf ◽  
Markus Garschall ◽  
Michael Klein ◽  
Manfred Tscheligi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Touch Gestures ◽  
Older Users ◽  
Tablet Device

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain deeper insights into performance differences of younger and older users when performing touch gestures, as well as the influence of tablet device orientation (portrait vs landscape). Design/methodology/approach – The authors performed a comparative study involving 20 younger (25-45 years) and 20 older participants (65-85 years). Each participant executed six gestures with each device orientation. Age was set as a between-subject factor. The dependent variables were task completion time and error rates (missed target rate and finger lift rate). To measure various performance characteristics, the authors implemented an application for the iPad that logged completion time and error rates of the participants when performing six gestural tasks – tap, drag, pinch, pinch-pan, rotate left and rotate right – for both device orientations. Findings – The results show a significant effect of age on completion time and error rates. Means reveal faster completion times and lower error rates for younger users than for older users. In addition, a significant effect of device orientation on error rates could be stated. Means show higher error rates for portrait orientation than for landscape orientation. Qualitative results reveal a clear preference for landscape orientation in both age groups and a lower acceptance of rotation gestures among older participants. Originality/value – In this study the authors were able to show the importance of device orientation as an influencing factor on touch interaction performance, indicating that age is not the exclusive influencing factor.

scholarly journals Integration of biosensor to a window-based control system for user emotion detection to static and dynamic visual contents of webpages

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima M. Isiaka ◽  
Awwal Adamu ◽  
Zainab Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Task Completion Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dynamic Control System

Purpose Basic capturing of emotion on user experience of web applications and browsing is important in many ways. Quite often, online user experience is studied via tangible measures such as task completion time, surveys and comprehensive tests from which data attributes are generated. Prediction of users’ emotion and behaviour in some of these cases depends mostly on task completion time and number of clicks per given time interval. However, such approaches are generally subjective and rely heavily on distributional assumptions making the results prone to recording errors. This paper aims to propose a novel method – a window dynamic control system – that addresses the foregoing issues. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were obtained from laboratory experiments during which 44 volunteers had their synchronized physiological readings – skin conductance response, skin temperature, eye movement behaviour and users activity attributes taken by biosensors. The window-based dynamic control system (PHYCOB I) is integrated to the biosensor which collects secondary data attributes from these synchronized physiological readings and uses them for two purposes: for detection of both optimal emotional responses and users’ stress levels. The method’s novelty derives from its ability to integrate physiological readings and eye movement records to identify hidden correlates on a webpage. Findings The results from the analyses show that the control system detects basic emotions and outperforms other conventional models in terms of both accuracy and reliability, when subjected to model comparison – that is, the average recoverable natural structures for the three models with respect to accuracy and reliability are more consistent within the window-based control system environment than with the conventional methods. Research limitations/implications Graphical simulation and an example scenario are only provided for the control’s system design. Originality/value The novelty of the proposed model is its strained resistance to overfitting and its ability to automatically assess user emotion while dealing with specific web contents. The procedure can be used to predict which contents of webpages cause stress-induced emotions to users.

Age-Related Decrements in Automobile Instrument Panel Task Performance

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Hayes ◽  
Ko Kurokawa ◽  
Walter W. Wierwille
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Instrument Panel ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Task Completion Time ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Instrumented Vehicle ◽  
And Task

This research was undertaken, in part, to determine the magnitudes of performance decrements associated with automotive instrument panel tasks as a function of driver age. Driver eye scanning and dwell time measures and task completion measures were collected while 24 drivers aged 18 to 72 performed a variety of instrument panel tasks as each drove an instrumented vehicle along preselected routes. The results indicated a monotonically increasing relationship between driver age and task completion time and the number of glances to the instrument panel. Mean glance dwell times, either to the roadway or the instrument, were not significantly different among the various age groups. The nature of these differences for the various task categories used in the present study was examined.

scholarly journals Exploring the meaning of usable security – a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Lennartsson ◽  
Joakim Kävrestad ◽  
Marcus Nohlberg
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Error Management ◽  
Time Error ◽  
Usable Security ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceived Usability

Purpose For decades, literature has reported on the perceived conflict between usability and security. This mutual trade-off needs to be considered and addressed whenever security products are developed. Achieving well-balanced levels of both is a precondition for sufficient security as users tend to reject unusable solutions. To assess it correctly, usability should be evaluated in the context of security. This paper aims to identify and describe universally applicable and solution-independent factors that affect the perceived usability of security mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach The selected methodology was a systematic literature review during which multiple database resources were queried. Application of predefined selection criteria led to the creation of a bibliography before backward snowballing was applied to minimize the risk of missing material of importance. All 70 included publications were then analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings The study resulted in the identification of 14 themes and 30 associated subthemes representing aspects with reported influence on perceived usability in the context of security. While some of them were only mentioned sparsely, the most prominent and thus presumably most significant ones were: simplicity, information and support, task completion time, error rates and error management. Originality/value The identified novel themes can increase knowledge about factors that influence usability. This can be useful for different groups: end users may be empowered to choose appropriate solutions more consciously, developers may be able to avoid common usability pitfalls when designing new products and system administrators may benefit from a better understanding of how to configure solutions and how to educate users efficiently.

Emotion detection on webpages using biosensors integrated to a window-based dynamic control system

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Isiaka ◽  
Salihu Aish Abdulkarim ◽  
Kassim Mwitondi ◽  
Zainab Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Task Completion Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Dynamic Control System

PurposeDetecting emotion on user experience of web applications and browsing is important in many ways. Web designers and developers find such approach quite useful in enhancing navigational features of webpages, and biomedical personnel regularly use computer simulations to monitor and control the behaviour of patients. On the other hand, law enforcement agents rely on human physiological functions to determine the likelihood of falsehood in interrogations. Quite often, online user experience is studied via tangible measures such as task completion time, surveys and comprehensive tests from which data attributes are generated. Prediction of users' emotion and behaviour in some of these cases depends mostly on task completion time and number of clicks per given time interval. However, such approaches are generally subjective and rely heavily on distributional assumptions making the results prone to recording errors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose a novel method-a window dynamic control system that addresses the foregoing issues. Primary data were obtained from laboratory experiments during which forty-four volunteers had their synchronised physiological readings, skin conductance response (SCR), skin temperature (ST), eye movement behaviour and users’ activity attributes taken using biosensors. The window-based dynamic control system (PHYCOB I) is integrated to the biosensor which collects secondary data attributes from these synchronised physiological readings and uses them for two purposes. For both detection of optimal emotional responses and users' stress levels. The method's novelty derives from its ability to integrate physiological readings and eye movement records to identify hidden correlates on a webpage.FindingsResults show that the control system detects basic emotions and outperforms other conventional models in terms of both accuracy and reliability, when subjected to model comparison that is, the average recoverable natural structures for the three models with respect to accuracy and reliability are more consistent within the window-based control system environment than with the conventional methods.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited to using a window control system to detect emotions on webpages, while integrated to biosensors and eye-tracker.Originality/valueThe originality of the proposed model is its resistance to overfitting and its ability to automatically assess human emotion (stress levels) while dealing with specific web contents. The latter is particularly important in that it can be used to predict which contents of webpages cause stress-induced emotions to users when involved in online activities.

scholarly journals Operating Systems Usability: A Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Urbano B. Patayon ◽  
Nerico L. Mingoc
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Operating Systems ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Satisfaction Survey ◽  
The Given ◽  
System Time ◽  
Windows 8

As usability testing becomes more popular and widely recognized, operating systems’ users are still relying on reviews that are based on the price, standard feature and satisfaction survey as to which product will be patronized. Measuring usability requires assessment on three product attributes or factors namely: effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. There are thirty-seven (37) respondents used in the study. Each respondent is required to perform the given task in each version of the Windows operating system. Time to complete the task and behavioral manifestations were recorded. Based on the data gathered and analyzed, results show that Windows 10 has the most number of the task with the highest completion rate in comparison with two operating systems in the study. Regarding efficiency, Windows 8 has the highest average task completion time. As to user satisfaction, the majority of the respondents were frustrated in the different task under Windows 8 while most of them are delighted in the tasks under Windows 7. Regarding engagement and boredom, the result reveals that users are engaged at the same time felt bored on tasks under Windows 10.

The Effects of Language Barriers and Time Constraints on Online Learning Performance: An Eye-Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110109
Author(s):  
Auður Anna Jónsdóttir ◽  
Ziho Kang ◽  
Tianchen Sun ◽  
Saptarshi Mandal ◽  
Ji-Eun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Esl Students ◽  
Task Completion Time ◽  
Eye Fixation

Objective The goal of this study is to model the effect of language use and time pressure on English as a first language (EFL) and English as a second language (ESL) students by measuring their eye movements in an on-screen, self-directed learning environment. Background Online learning is becoming integrated into learners’ daily lives due to the flexibility in scheduling and location that it offers. However, in many cases, the online learners often have no interaction with one another or their instructors, making it difficult to determine how the learners are reading the materials and whether they are learning effectively. Furthermore, online learning may pose challenges to those who face language barriers or are under time pressure. Method The effects of two factors, language use (EFL vs. ESL) and time constraints (high vs. low time pressure), were investigated during the presentation of online materials. The effects were analyzed based on eye movement measures (eye fixation rate—the total number of eye fixations divided by the task duration and gaze entropy) and behavioral measures (correct rate and task completion time). Results The results show that the ESL students had higher eye fixation rates and longer task completion times than the EFL students. Moreover, high time pressure resulted in high fixation rates, short task completion time, low correct rates, and high gaze entropy. Conclusion and Application The results suggest the possibility of using unobtrusive eye movement measures to develop ways to better assist those who struggle with learning in the online environment.

Correlation Between Gestures’ Qualitative Properties and Usa- bility metrics

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 726-730
Author(s):  
Daniela Chanci ◽  
Naveen Madapana ◽  
Glebys Gonzalez ◽  
Juan Wachs
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
User Study ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Time Error ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Usability Metrics

The choice of best gestures and commands for touchless interfaces is a critical step that determines the user- satisfaction and overall efficiency of surgeon computer interaction. In this regard, usability metrics such as task completion time, error rate, and memorability have a long-standing as potential entities in determining the best gesture vocabulary. In addition, some previous works concerned with this problem have utilized qualitative measures to identify the best gesture. In this work, we hypothesize that there is a correlation between the qualitative properties of gestures (v) and their usability metrics (u). Therefore, we conducted an experiment with linguists to quantify the properties of the gestures. Next, a user study was conducted with surgeons, and the usability metrics were measured. Lastly, linear and non-linear regression techniques were used to find the correlations between u and v. Results show that usability metrics are correlated with the gestures’ qualitative properties ( R2 = 0.4).

Experience and expression of social isolation by inner-city high-rise residents

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Love M. Chile ◽  
Xavier M. Black ◽  
Carol Neill
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Health And Social Care

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of social isolation and the factors that create social isolation for residents of inner-city high-rise apartment communities. We critically examine how the physical environment and perceptions of safety in apartment buildings and the inner-city implicate the quality of interactions between residents and with their neighbourhood community. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used mixed-methods consisting of survey questionnaires supplemented by semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions using stratified random sampling to access predetermined key strata of inner-city high-rise resident population. Using coefficient of correlation we examine the significance of the association between social isolation, age and ethnicity amongst Auckland's inner-city high-rise residents. Findings – The authors found the experience and expression of social isolation consistent across all age groups, with highest correlation between functional social isolation and “being student”, and older adults (60+ years), length of tenure in current apartment and length of time residents have lived in the inner-city. Research limitations/implications – As a case study, we did not seek in this research to compare the experience and expressions of social isolation in different inner-city contexts, nor of inner-city high-rise residents in New Zealand and other countries, although these will be useful areas to explore in future studies. Practical implications – This study is a useful starting point to build evidence base for professionals working in health and social care services to develop interventions that will help reduce functional social isolation amongst young adults and older adults in inner-city high-rise apartments. This is particularly important as the inner-city population of older adults grow due to international migration, and sub-national shifts from suburbs to the inner-cities in response to governmental policies of urban consolidation. Originality/value – By identifying two forms of social isolation, namely functional and structural social isolation, we have extended previous analysis of social isolation and found that “living alone” or structural social isolation did not necessarily lead to functional social isolation. It also touched on the links between functional social isolation and self-efficacy of older adults, particularly those from immigrant backgrounds.

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